What Is Computer And Computer Genaration

Computer is a electronic device which is capable of receiving information (data) in a particular form and of performing a sequence of operations in accordance with a predetermined but variable set of procedural instructions (program) to produce a result in the form of information or signals.A computer is generally defined as a programmable machine. The two principal characteristics of a computer are: it responds to a specific set of instruction in a well-defined manner and it can executed a prerecorded list of instructions (a program).A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. You probably already know that you can use a computer to type documents, send email, play games, and browse the Web. You can also use it to edit or create  spreadsheets, presentations, and even videos.Throughout this tutorial, we'll show you some of the most important things you need to know about computers, including how to set up your computer, how to interact with the desktop and operating system, and what kinds of computers are available. We'll also introduce you to some basic troubleshooting strategies you can use if your computer isn't working correctly.

Generation  Description
	First Generation The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based.
	Second Generation The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based.
	Third Generation The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based.

The the late 1960s and early 70s, there was much talk about "generations" of computer technology. This photo illustrates what were commonly known as the three generations:

1. First generation: Vacuum tubes (left). Mid 1940s. IBM pioneered the arrangment of vacuum tubes in pluggable modules such as the one shown here on the left. The IBM 650 was a first-generation computer.
2. Second generation: Transistors (right). 1956. The era of miniaturization begins. Transistors are much smaller than vacuum tubes, draw less power, and generate less heat. Discrete transistors are soldered to circuit boards like the one shown, with intereconnections accomplished by stencil-screened conductive patterns on the reverse side. The IBM 7090 was a second-generation computer.
3. Third generation: Integrated circuits (foreground), silicon chips contain multiple transistors. 1964. A pioneering example is the ACPX module used in the IBM 360/91, which, by stacking layers of silicon over a ceramic substrate, accommodated over 20 transistors per chip; the chips could be packed together onto a circuit board to achieve unheard-of logic densities. The IBM 360/91 was a hybrid second- and third-generation computer.

Omitted from this taxonomy is the "zeroth" generation computer based on metal gears (such as the IBM 407) or mechanical relays (such as the Mark I), and the post-3rd generation computers based on Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits.

Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system.
There are totally five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been discussed in detail along with their time period and characteristics. Here approximate dates against each generations have been mentioned which are normally accepted.

System Shutdown Faster

System Shutdown Faster

 

 

 

When you shutdown your Windows XP computer, it may take more time to complete the shutdown process. Slow shutdowns are caused by a number of factors. One of the common causes is the Clear Page file at Shutdown option enabled.
Virtual memory support uses a system page file to swap pages of memory to disk when they are not used. On a running system, this page file is opened exclusively by the operating system, and it is well protected. However, systems that are configured to allow booting to other operating systems might have to make sure that the system page file is wiped clean when this system shuts down. This ensures that sensitive information from process memory that might go into the page file is not available to an unauthorized user who manages to directly access the page file.
When this option is enabled, it causes the system page file to be cleared upon clean shutdown. This takes considerable time of the Operating System to flush-out the page file, thus causing the slow shutdown. You may disable ClearPageFileAtShutdown option to improve shutdown times. But the pagefile.sys will be intact and accessible via other Operating System, in case or dual or multi-boot.
Some points to improve the shutdown times
Start Registry Editor and navigate to the following key:
[HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Memory Management]
Set ClearPageFileAtShutdown value to 0
Or, using Group Policy Editor [for Windows XP Professional]
Click Start, Run and type Secpol.msc
Click Local Policies | Security Options
In the right-pane, set Shutdown: Clear virtual memory pagefile to Disabled
However, this setting is not the only cause for slow shutdowns. Non-responsive programs and Services also contribute to slow shutdowns. If the problem is seen recently after installing a third-party driver or software, try a System Restore rollback to see if that resolves the slow shutdown problem.
Other checkpoints
Try a clean-boot troubleshooting. Clean-boot troubleshooting is designed to isolate a performance problem. To perform clean-boot troubleshooting, you must take a number of actions, and then restart the computer after each action (to test whether the action resolved the problem). These two articles will help you isolate the problem.
IMPROVE XP SHUTDOWN SPEED <-- I LOVE THIS TWEAK
This tweak reduces the time XP waits before automatically closing any running programs when you give it the command to shutdown.
Go to Start then select Run
Type 'Regedit' and click ok
Find 'HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Desktop\'
Select 'WaitToKillAppTimeout'
Right click and select 'Modify'
Change the value to '1000'
Click 'OK'
Now select 'HungAppTimeout'
Right click and select 'Modify'
Change the value to '1000'
Click 'OK'
Now find 'HKEY_USERS\.DEFAULT\Control Panel\Desktop'
Select 'WaitToKillAppTimeout'
Right click and select 'Modify'
Change the value to '1000'
Click 'OK'
Now find 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\Cur rentControlSet\Control\'
Select 'WaitToKillServiceTimeout'
Right click and select 'Modify'
Change the value to '1000'
Click 'OK'
OPTIMIZE DISPLAY SETTINGS
Windows XP can look sexy but displaying all the visual items can waste system resources. To optimise:
1.Go to Start
2. Click Settings
3. Click Control Panel
4. Click System
5. Click Advanced tab
6. In the Performance tab click Settings
7. Leave only the following ticked:
- Show shadows under menus
- Show shadows under mouse pointer
- Show translucent selection rectangle
- Use drop shadows for icons labels on the desktop
- Use visual styles on windows and buttons
DISABLE PREFETCH ON LOW MEMORY SYSTEMS
Prefetch is designed to speed up program launching by preloading programs into memory - not a good idea is memory is in short supply, as it can make programs hang. To disable prefetch:
1. Click ‘Start’ then ‘Run’
2. Type in ‘Regedit’ then click ‘Ok’
3. Navigate to ‘HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Cur rentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Memory Management\PrefetchParameters\ ‘
4. Right-click on “EnablePrefetcher” and set the value to ‘0′
5. Reboot.
ENSURE XP IS USING DMA MODE
XP enables DMA for Hard-Drives and CD-Roms by default on most ATA or ATAPI (IDE) devices. However, sometimes computers switch to PIO mode which is slower for data transfer - a typical reason is because of a virus. To ensure that your machine is using DMA:
1. Open ‘Device Manager’
2. Double-click ‘IDE ATA/ATAPI Controllers’
3. Right-click ‘Primary Channel’ and select ‘Properties’ and then ‘Advanced Settings’
4. In the ‘Current Transfer Mode’ drop-down box, select ‘DMA if Available’ if the current setting is ‘PIO Only’
Details of ip address and Mac and other
ipconfig/all
MAKE PROGRAMS LOAD FASTER
This little tweak tends to work for most programs. If your program doesn’t load properly just undo the change. For any program:
Right-click on the icon/shortcut you use to launch the program
Select properties
In the ‘target’ box, add ‘ /prefetch:1′ at the end of the line.
Click “Ok” Voila - your programs will now load faster.
IMPROVE SWAP FILE PERFORMANCE
If you have more than 256MB of RAM this tweak will considerably improve your performance. It basically makes sure that your PC uses every last drop of memory (faster than swap file) before it starts using the swap file.
Go to Start then Run
Type “msconfig.exe” then ok
Click on the System.ini tab
Expand the 386enh tab by clicking on the plus sign
Click on new then in the blank box type”ConservativeSwapfileUsage =1″
Click OK
Restart PC
IMPROVE BOOT TIMES
A great new feature in Microsoft Windows XP is the ability to do a boot defragment. This places all boot files next to each other on the disk to allow for faster booting. By default this option in enables but on some builds it is not so below is how to turn it on.
Go to Start Menu and Click Run
Type in “Regedit” then click ok
Find “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\M icrosoft\Dfrg\BootOpt imizeFunction”
Select “Enable” from the list on the right
Right on it and select “Modify”
Change the value to “Y to enable”
Reboot
DISABLE SYSTEM SOUNDS
surprisingly, the beeps that your computer makes for various system sounds can slow it down, particularly at startup and shut-down. To fix this turn off the system sounds:
Open Control Panel
Click Sounds and Audio Devices
Check Place volume icon in taskbar
Click Sounds Tab
Choose “No Sounds” for the Sound Scheme
Click “No”
Click “Apply”
Click “OK”
SPEED UP FOLDER ACCESS - DISABLE LAST ACCESS UPDATE
If you have a lot of folders and subdirectories on your computer, when you access directory XP wastes a lot of time updating the time stamp showing the last access time for that directory and for ALL sub directories. To stop XP doing this you need to edit the registry. If you are uncomfortable doing this then please do not attempt.

Go to Start and then Run and type “regedit”
Click through the file system until you get to “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\FileSys tem”
Right-click in a blank area of the window on the right and select ‘DWORD Value’
Create a new DWORD Value called ‘NtfsDisableLastAccessUpdate’
Then Right click on the new value and select ‘Modify’
Change the Value Data to ‘1′
Click ‘OK’
TURN OFF SYSTEM RESTORE
System Restore can be a useful if your computer is having problems, however storing all the restore points can literally take up Gigabytes of space on your hard drive. To turn off System Restore:
Open Control Panel
Click on Performance and Maintenance
Click on System
Click on the System Restore tab
Tick ‘Turn off System Restore on All Drives’
Click ‘Ok’
⦁    SPEED UP FOLDER BROWSING
you may have noticed that every time you open my computer to browse folders that there is a slight delay. This is because Windows XP automatically searches for network files and printers every time you open Windows Explorer. To fix this and to increase browsing significantly:
1. Open My Computer
2. Click on Tools menu
3. Click on Folder Options
4. Click on the View tab.
5. Uncheck the automatically search for network folders and printers check box
6. Click Apply
7. Click Ok
8. Reboot your computer

Simple Command, tricks and track of MS DOS

Simple Command, tricks and track of MS DOS (Disk Operating System) for supporting os

Command of Dos for winxp

 

 

 

Step by Step backward from Folder     cd.. Press Enter 
Step by Step Enter in Folder     cd “Folder Name”e.g Cd madan (if u have space bet2in multi text folder using inverting coma) eg cd “My Softwar”
Enter in another volume or Drive     for example C drive to D Drive D: Press Enter
To View File or Folder            Dir press Enter
To make a folder                md “Folder Name” e.g     md madan
To Delete Folder                rd  “Foler Name E.g     rd madan
Clear Screen                 Cls Press enter
Close DOS                     Exit Press enter
Open Program    Start “Application Name” eg start photoshop
To Find Ip Address any site         ping “Site” eg ping www.facebook.com press enter
FAT to NTFS system            Type for example "convert d: /fs:ntfs"
To lock Folder                 cacls “Folder Name” /p everyone:n Press Enter
                        Example cacls madan /p everyone:n  press enter
                        Choose Y then press Enter
To Unlock Folder                 Same Command change n to f for example
                        Cacls madan /p everyone:f press enter
                        Choose Y then press enter
To Copy Files                xcopy “Location” Destination eg
Xcopy d:\Madan\Video g:\virsatile\madan press enter   
To Format Drive                Format Location of drive eg Format H: press Enter
To Hack user password             net user “user name” give one space * press Enter
Eg net user madan * press enter then create ur password
To remove user password            same method twice time press Enter
    Eg net user madan * press enter twice time without create password
To Create New user account    open Dos command Type net user “user name” \Add press Enter E.g net user madan \add
To delete any user account    open Dos command Type net user “user name” \Del press enter E.g net user versatile \Del
About chkdsk
Chkdsk is a utility that checks the computer's hard drive status for any cross-linked or any additional errors with the hard drive.
Windows 2000 and Windows XP chkdsk syntax
Checks a disk and displays a status report.
CHKDSK [volume [[path] filename]]] [/F] [/V] [/R] [/X] [/I] [/C] [/L[:size]]
volume    Specifies the drive letter (followed by a colon), mount point, or volume name.
filename    FAT only: Specifies the files to check for fragmentation.
/F    Fixes errors on the disk.
/V    On FAT/FAT32: Displays the full path and name of every file on the disk.
/R    Locates bad sectors and recovers readable information (implies /F).
/L:size    NTFS only: Changes the log file size to the specified number of kilobytes. If size is not specified, displays current size.
/X    Forces the volume to dismount first if necessary. All opened handles to the volume would then be invalid (implies /F).
/I    NTFS only: Performs a less vigorous check of index entries.
/C    NTFS only: Skips checking of cycles within the folder structure.
/p    Check even if the drive is not flagged dirty, bad.
   

This is Only for Supporting OS

Registry Editor
First of all Type in Run “Regedit” n do this
⦁    (Block usb Service)HEKEY LOCAL MACHINE\System\CURRENT Control set\service\usbstore  Change 3 to 4 of “Start” of  right side
⦁    for multi Messanger HEKEY_current_user-\Software\ yahoo\paper\Test “Create a new DwordValue in the Right pane name is “Plural” n Dwordvalue is “2” then open yahoo messanger multi times as u wish that’s it n having fun guys 
⦁    (change Service package)  HEKEY LOCAL MACHINE\System\CURRENT Control set\Control\Windows N find out CSDVersion in Right panel Modify 200 to 300(for service 2 to 3) that’s it.
⦁    Hide (Turn off Run) HEKEY LOCAL MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Control Set\Windows\Policies “Create a new key in Policies name is “Explorer” n create new Dwordvaue in right pane then Modify 0 to 1(Note: for hide Run Dwordvalue name is Norun and For hide Turn off Dwordvalue is Noclose)
⦁    In other hand We can hide Run, logoff and  Turn off Button using by Tewak Now Power pack Progarm  
⦁    (This trick is only for winxp changing start with ur name)- {First of all u have to  hacker file Whose name is Resource Hacker Download it from ur internet} 
⦁    I have already this hacker let’s do it open “ReHacker” File\File menu open\Local disk c:\Windows\ Explorer\String Table\Choose number “37”\”1033” look at the right Side u can see “Start” then u can change start with ur any words as u wish
⦁    Click “Compile Script” Button n save as it .EXE format from File menu with ur words where u use in replacing Start Eg.Madan.exe
⦁    Now go to Registry Editor - HEKEY LOCAL MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\ Select Winlogon look at the Right side find out “shell” n open it
Change Explorer.exe. with ur word which is in save .Exe format earlier time Eg Madan.exe at last logoff ur system one time n open it (u can see ur word in Start Button ) 

Group Policy Editor
First of all Type in Run “Gpedit.msc” n do this
⦁    (Hide drives in My Computer Which u want ) -User Configuration\Administrative Template\Windows Component\Windows Explorer look at the right side n find out “Hide these specified drives in my computer” open it choose “Enabled” n choose the drive which u want hide From Dropdown arrow of “Pick all of the following combinations” Category 
(Note: In this way u can also change Desktop and Control Panel settings from Administrative Template) 
⦁    (Increase the internet Speed)-Computer Configuration\ Administrative Template\Network\QoS Packet Scheduler look at the right side u can c “Limit reservable Bandwidth” potions  open it  choose Enabled n Decrease Bandwidth limit(%)  20 to 0 that’s it.(note: if Bandwidth(%) is 20 in case OS is automatically take 20% internet speed that’s why ur internet will be slow) ok guys thanks for learning this method

WinToFlash Step by step Guide Install Windows XP from USB Flash drive

WinToFlash Step by step Guide Install Windows XP from USB Flash drive:

 

 

 

Requirements:
-USB Flash disk/Flash drive/Pen drive/Thumb drive, etc
-Computer with CD/DVD drive to build this Windows XP setup Flash disk (or you may use computer without CD/DVD drive, but you have to copy Windows XP setup files from another computer to your hard disk)
-Computer with or without CD/DVD drive (e.g. Aspire One)
 Step1: Download WinToFlash here http://wintoflash.com/download/en/
    from the Author: This software may contain bugs (spelling too).
    So if you find any spelling error please writes a comment and correct it
    or report to support@novicorp.com
    don't forget to write your WinToFlash version.
Step2: Extract the zip file, and then double click on WinToFlash.exe
 




Step 3: Click Accept button...

Step4:
This program will transfer Windows setup from CD or DVD to flash drive Recommended to switch on Wizard mode for users have no experience of Windows setup fine tuning Windows setup transfer wizard Following basic instructions you will transfer Windows setup program to flash drive and install Windows on PC have no CD or DVD drive
Click the button to enter Wizard mode...



Step5: This program will help you to install Windows
from a flashto access other features and
advanced options switch to advanced mode
(for advanced users).
For now, we will use wizard mode instead of
advanced mode, so click Next... -
 






 step6: Specify locations of files and drive
On Windows files path click Select button
Step7: Select CD/DVD drive which contains
Windows XP CD or folder which contains
Windows XP files... then click

step8:Specify locations of files and drive
On USB drive click Select buttonStep9:
 Select "I Accepted the terms of the license
agreement" Then click Continue...











 Step10: Warning! Formatting will erase ALL DATA on target disk. To format press OK Click OK...
Step11: Please wait while WinToFlash transferring
Windows setup to flash drive


Step12: Finished...click Next then Exit
USB Flash drive ready











 On computer without CD/DVD drive (e.g. Aspire
One) you must change the first boot order to USB
Flash drive From BIOS. How to do this?
Change Boot order from BIOS:
This is just for example (Aspire 4710)
your BIOS interface may be slightly different
Step 1: Plug a Flash drive into a USB port on your
Computer/laptop
Step 2:Turn on your laptop then hit F2 rapidly
(or Del for some other machine)
then go to Boot tab > change boot order > then hit
F10 key to Save and Exit
 





Now you can boot from USB Flash drive, first select
1st, text mode setup (Boot from flash again after
Finished) then... on the first restart, select
2nd, GUI mode setup, continue setup + 1st start
 Of Windows Install Windows XP as usual...
Good luck... Enjoy Yourself
Thanks and Nice Meeting ok Bye.

Installing Windows 7

Installing Windows 7 - Step by step

Preparations 

 

 

 

Backup you may be installing Windows 7 on a machine that already has an operating system installed. In that case, you will have to consider what to do with existing data on the disk
You may want to completely wipe the existing data and start clean. Or you may want to incorporate Windows 7 into the existing setup, whether as a side-by-side installation or an upgrade. Whatever you choose, please make sure your files are safely backed up, so that you do not accidentally, irrecoverably overwrite critical data during the installation.
Installation key
Please make sure you have the Windows 7 installation key available. Without it, you will not be able to install the operating system.
Drivers for the computer hardware
There is no guarantee that Windows 7 built-in set of drivers will include your specific hardware. Therefore, please make sure you have the right drivers available before you start the installation. The drivers usually come on CD/DVDs supplied by the manufacturer with newly purchased hardware. Alternatively, you may also download them from official vendor websites.
Having the drivers available will make sure that after you have installed Windows 7, your system will perform to its fullest. If you meet the above three requirements, we are ready to go.

Boot from Windows 7 DVD
 The first step is to place your Windows 7 DVD into the DVD tray and boot the machine. Your computer needs to be configured to boot from DVD. This is done via BIOS. On most computers, the BIOS menu can be accessed by pressing either the F2 or Del keys while the machine is booting.





 Once you have completed this stage, Windows 7 will start loading. If you see the below image, you're doing well so far.








After a few moments, you will reach the installation menu. Your first step is to choose the language and the keyboard.









 You will be now taken to the Install now menu. We have already prepared for the installation, so you can click Install now and proceed.
The next step is to accept the license agreement








 After this, you will have to decide whether you want to Upgrade an existing installation or perform a Custom (advanced) installation, which is basically creating a new copy of Windows.









Partitioning
 The next step is to choose where you want to install Windows 7. This is probably the most important part of the entire installation, so you need to be very careful here and make the right choices.










We only have a 20GB unallocated space on our disk, so we have no dilemma. However, it is possible that you may have other partitions from previous installations present, or you may have created a custom partitioning setup before starting Windows 7 installation using third-party partitioning software, like GParted. We will soon this discuss in greater detail. For now, let us create our Windows 7 partitions.
Inexperienced users can simply highlight the unallocated space and click Next. The partitioning layout will be created for them. However, we want to explore additional features. To this end, we need to expand the Drive options (advanced).
You now have the option to create new partitions, format them with a desired file system, change the size of existing or newly created partition (Extend), or delete them. The Load Driver function is usually necessary if you want to create more complex setups like RAID, but this is currently beyond the scope of this tutorial.
We will create a new partition. According to official system requirements, Windows 7 needs 16GB of free space. However, you can do with less. The minimum recommended space for a partition where you want to place Windows 7 is 10350MB. Eventually, the installation itself will take approx. 7GB.
 Just for your information, here's a snippet of what would happen if you try to install Windows 7 on a partition that does not meet the minimum expected size limit:




This does not mean your installation won't succeed. It might, but why risk it?
 We will create a 14GB partition:








 Windows 7 installer will now tell you that it will have to create an additional partition for the core system files. This will be a small primary partition ahead of your newly created one







 This is what it looks like:









Important technical bits to pay attention to!
We now have a system partition and a primary partition, plus some free space. In purely technical terms, there is no such thing as a partition of the type system. There are only two types of partitions: primary and logical. The above-mentioned partition is a primary partition.
Begin installation
 If you're comfortable with your setup, highlight the created partition and click next. Windows 7 will be installed to this partition. Depending on your hardware, this can take some time. My testing shows approx. 30-40 minutes.






User settings
 Eventually, you will be asked to provide your username and a computer name. You will also have to password-protect your account. This is most advisable. You should opt for a strong password.
















Activation
The next step is to activate your Windows. Grab your key and type it here.










Updates
You will be asked to configure your updates. You can choose either setting you like. However, I recommend you configure this choice later, after Windows 7 is installed and running properly.
We will discuss this separately in the Windows 7 security tutorial. Therefore, I will choose Ask me later, but you may want to go for either the first or the second option, as you see fit.
Location
Your location will determine the firewall settings for your newly installed Windows 7. You have three choices: home, work or public network. Home and work networks are supposed to be trusted, so you should not experience any problems adding other machines to your group or sharing data with them.
However, the public network is meant to be untrusted. So if you have installed Windows 7 in, let's say, Internet cafe, then you should choose the third option.

Congratulations!
Congratulations, you have just successfully installed Windows 7
Conclusion
Installing Windows 7 is not that difficult. The installation is more streamlined and user-friendly compared to Windows XP however some of the options are more restrictive, like the partitioning, for example.
Overall, it's a simple procedure that should take you no more than an hour to complete. Of course, once the installation is done, there's the long post-install setup, where you should customize the looks of your new desktop, determine the security settings, and choose the programs you want to install and use. We will talk about getting familiarized and comfortable with using Windows 7 in the following tutorials. Our second article will deal with the most important aspect of system configuration after the installation - security.

Standard CMOS Features

Standard CMOS Features

 

 

 

Use the menu for basic system configurations, such as time, date etc.
Advanced BIOS Features
Use this menu to setup the items of special enhanced features.
Integrated Peripherals
Use this menu to specify your settings for power management.
H/W Monitor
This entry shows the status of your CPU, fan, and warning for overall system status.
PNP/PCI Configurations
This entry appears if your system supports PnP/PCI.
Power Management setup
Use this menu to specify your setting for power management.
Load Fail-Safe Defaults
Use this menu to load the default values set by the BIOS vendor for stable system performance.
Load Optimized Defaults
Use this menu to load the default values set by the mainboard manufactures specifically for optimal performance of the mainboard.
BIOS Setting Password
Use this menu to set the password for BIOS.
Save & Exit Setup
Save changes to CMOS and exit setup.
Exit Without Saving
Abandon all changes and exit setup.




The Microsoft Window popularly called MS-Window (Window) is software that makes own PC (Personal Computer) easy to use. It works with MSDOS to control over the entire operation of your computer. It helps the user to store and manage the files on his computer.
MS-Window is an operating system developed by Microsoft Corporation of USA.  MS-Window is an up-graded version.
Main features of Windows
⦁    It supports better multimedia and games.
⦁    Internet can be accessed very easily and quickly.
⦁    Peripheral devices can be added very easily.
⦁    Long filename are allowed (maximum unto 255 character including space) etc.
Types of windows (Operating System)
[Windows 98, Windows 98 Second Edition, Windows Me, Windows 2000,
Windows 2000 Advanced Server, Windows 2000 Professional, Windows XP Professional, Windows XP(Service Pack 1,2,3) Windows Vista(Beta)
DLC XP Media Center 2010, Black XP 2010, Windows7 (Ultimate, Home Premium, Professional) Windows 8, Linux Ubuntu, Umax etc.









Minimum Hardware Requirements for Windows XP
⦁    128 MB of RAM (But 256 MB Recommended)
⦁    233 MHZ Pentium/Celeron Processor
⦁    A CD ROM/DVD ROM.
⦁    VGA Monitor
⦁    2 GB or higher Hard Disk (at least 650 MB Free Space
⦁    Keyboard
⦁    Mouse
Step 1: Prepare the Boot Sequence
⦁    After finishing assembling your PC, power the system.
⦁    Press DEL (for VIA Board), F2 (for Intel Board) and Ctrl + Alt+ESC or F12 (for laptops) to enter into the Setup.
⦁    Choose Advanced Setup Tab/Folder.
⦁    Choose CD/DVD ROM for 1st Boot Device. Press ESC key and press f10     to Save and Exit
⦁    Insert the Windows XP CD into your computer and restart your     computer.
⦁    Press any key to boot from cd…… (The following screen displays at that     time).
⦁    Press any key to boot from cd……(The following screen displays at that     time).
7. Windows XP Setup begins. During this portion of setup, your mouse will not work, so you must use the keyboard. On the Welcome to Setup page, press ENTER to set up windows XP. If you want to repair your existing Windows’ XP, press R otherwise, press F3 to quit the Setupprocess.













 8. On the Windows XP Licensing Agreement page, read the licensing agreement. Press the PAGE DOWN key to scroll to the bottom of the agreement. Then press F8 to agree the licensing agreement.











9. This page enables you to select the hard disk drive on which Windows XP will be installed. Once you complete this step, all data on your hard disk drive will be removed and cannot be recovered. It is extremely important that you have a recent backup copy of your files before continuing. When you have a backup copy, Press D to Delete the selected Partition, and the press L for the delete confirmation when prompted
This deletes your existing data. To create a partition in the Unpartitioned space, C and define the space like 20000 MB ie. 20GB for the partitioned drive. If you select more than 33 GB then you cannot format the partition using the FAT file system.
 
























10. Press ENTER to Select Unpartitioned space, which appears by default; if you don’t want to partition and install the Windows “XP”
11. Press ENTER again to select Format the partition using the NTFS file system
12. Windows XP erases your hard disk drive using a process called formatting and then     copies the setup files. You can leave your computer and return in 20 to 30
 




























13. After finishing copying the setup files, computer restarts. (Press Del/F2 key to enter into the Setup and choose Hard Disk for the 1st Boot Device and CD for the 2nd Boot Device. Press ESC and F10 to save and exit from the Setup and     Press Y or Enter). If you do not do this process then computer automatically     jumps into the next Step.
Part 2: Continue the installation
14.     Windows XP restarts s and then continues with the installation process. From this point forward, you can use your mouse, eventually, the Regional and Language Options page appears. Click Next to accept the default settings. If     you are multilingual or prefer a language other than English, you can change     language settings after setup is complete.




















15. On the Personalize Your Software Page, Type your name and organization name. Some programs use this information to automatically fill in your     name     when required. Then, Click Next






















17. On the computer Name and Administrator Password page, in the Computer name box, type a name that uniquely identifies your computer in your house, such as OFFICECOMPUTER or Lab1. You cannot use space or punctuation. If you connect your computer to a network, you will use this computer name to find shared files and printer. Type a strong password that you can remember in the Administrator Password box and the retype it in the Confirm password box. If you do not want to keep Administrator password leave the box blank. Click Next.





















18. On the Date and Time settings page, set your computer’s clock. Then, Click the Time Zone down arrow; Select your time Zone, Click Next.












19.    Windows XP will spend about a minute configuring your computer. On the Networking Settings page, click next.

20.    On the Workgroup or Computer Domain page, Click Next.
Part 3: Complete the installation


 21.    Windows XP ell spends 20 or 30 minutes configuring your computer and will     automatically restart when finished. The Display Settings dialog appears, click OK







Step22. Log in, to your PC for the first time.


This tutorial is also quite relevant for Windows 8
Windows 7 is going to be released soon, on October 22nd, to be precise. It's the next big Microsoft operating system, bringing much hope after the Vista lackluster performance. While many local Windows XP users have refused to think of switching to Vista, they might be inclined to try Windows 7.
I thought this was an excellent opportunity to write a number of tutorials introducing Windows 7, starting with the installation guide. In the second article, we will focus on security. In the third article, we will talk about desktop customization. Today, I'm going to show you how to install Windows 7 on your machine.
Minimum hardware requirements for Windows 7[67]
Architecture    32-bit    64-bit
Processor    1 GHz IA-32 processor    1 GHz x86-64 processor
Memory (RAM)    1 GB    2 GB
Graphics card    DirectX 9 graphics processor with WDDM driver model 1.0
(Not absolutely necessary; only required for Aero    Graphics card
HDD free space    16 GB of free disk space    20 GB of free disk space
Optical drive    DVD-ROM drive[68] (Only to install from DVD-ROM media)   
Introduction
I have already reviewed Windows 7 Beta in great detail. You're encouraged to read the article, so you can familiarize with some of the changes that Windows 7 brings, including system requirements, memory usage, Windows XP compatibility mode, and other features.

Memory(RAM) Troubleshooting Techniques

Memory(RAM) Troubleshooting Techniques

 

 

 

Computer memory problems are generally caused by defective memory chips, wrongly installed memory chips and wrong configuration of memory chips. You will also find that when you have installed some new software on your computer system, your memory may give some problems.

Following are some memory failure scenarios and respective solutions
⦁    Computer Fails To Boot: Many times your computer memory chips get loosened so you have to make sure that memory modules are completely installed. Also check your RAM chips when you have installed them for the first time.
⦁    Computer Boots Up With a Blank Screen: You may have loose memory chips and you may be using some different type of memory which isn’t compatible with your system. You need to check you VGA card as well if you see this type of problem.
⦁    Computer hangs and reboot: This type of problem is generally caused by faulty RAM, faulty PSU or overheating. Reseat RAM and rotate RAM to different slots. Make sure you removed any old video drives from your system before adding new one.
⦁    3 Short Beeps: This certainly means some RAM issue like bad dim slots on the motherboard or faulty RAM chips. Try replacing them with new RAM.
⦁    All Memory not recognized: On some boards like MSI, Gigabyte, and ASUS users get some problem where memory is not recognized properly. You need to get support by your vendor to get it rectified. For other systems you might have used wrong memory type or your slots are faulty.
Computer Troubleshooting: Power Supply, Motherboard, Case
This computer troubleshooting blog can help you troubleshoot and repair dead computers. When I mean “dead” I mean no signs of life at all. Where do you begin? The average user doesn’t know the internal workings of their computer–and they shouldn’t have to. So when things go wrong, they do not know where to begin to diagnose and either fix the problem or make arrangements to have the problem corrected. The following steps will help give you some general knowledge of what could be wrong with your PC and give you some ideas on how to fix it or provide you with enough knowledge to prevent you from getting ripped off at the computer repair shop.

For starters, if the computer is still under warranty, do not open the case. This will void your warranty. HP, Dell and any other major manufacturer will respond quickly to your problems and arrange for you to send the computer in, or they might opt to send a technician out to work on the computer. If you bought the PC at a shop around the corner, send emails and begin a paper trail on the issue.

A completely dead computer will usually have a bad motherboard, bad power supply, or a faulty case. The following steps will help you troubleshoot a computer and find which device is causing the problem. One of the first things you’ll want to do is unplug the computer and take it to a table where you can lay it flat. Open the case and check the connections to see if you notice anything blatantly wrong, then proceed with the steps below.

Troubleshooting A Computer Power Supply
Power supplies can fail without warning. They can partially fail. This means you might be getting power to the motherboard, the fans and other components, but you do not have the correct voltages to start the motherboard. The power supply is located at the back of the case, and is where the power cable plugs into the PC.

1. Your first step should be to plug the computer directly into the wall and bypass any power strips. You should also confirm the outlet is working properly.

2. Make sure the red voltage regulator switch on the back is set to 115 if you reside in the United States, people in some countries will need to set theirs to 230. With the power off and unplugged, try toggling the switch to 230, then back to 115 to make sure it is seated in the right position.
3. Next, buy a power supply tester. Computer techs will use a multimeter to test for proper voltages. Normal users can just buy a power supply tester.
4. If your power supply is bad, buy one of equal or greater power. If your current power supply is 350WT, be sure to get one that’s 350WT or higher.




A power supply will tend to fail before anything else. They take the most abuse after all. They are the front line when a power surge or brown out occurs. The good news is, they are extremely easy to replace should you find this is the problem.

Troubleshooting A Computer Case
While a dead PC wills either normally be a bad power supply or bad motherboard, the next easiest thing to troubleshoot is the case. How can a case go bad? A case has minimal smarts, but it does have wires leading from the power button to the motherboard that can go bad, and some even have advanced I/O panels that can fail.

1. You can try bypassing the case switch. This means you are initiating the power-on sequence without using the button on the front of the case. For this, you will need a good set of eyes and a small, flat-head screw driver.
2. The idea is to find the wire leading from the power button to the motherboard that’s marked something like POWER SW or POWER ON. It will cover two pins on the motherboard. Carefully, with the computer plugged in, touch the tip of the flat head screwdriver to both of those pins at the same time, thus “shorting” them. You will not get shocked by doing this, but you need to be careful not to scratch the motherboard.

If you hit the power button and nothing happened:
Is the power cord plugged in? Is it plugged in the other end too? Check the switch at the back of the case. Make sure that you connected the wire from the case power button to the right connector on the motherboard. Make sure the power connector to the motherboard is in correctly.
If none of this makes a difference, next step is to unplug everything from the motherboard with the exception of the power cable, power button wire, video card, memory and processor. If it still will not power up, it’s likely that you have one or more defective components. The most likely culprits are the motherboard or the case power supply.

System turns on, beeps intermittently, does not boot up:
Check that your memory (RAM) chip is installed correctly. Remove it and re-install it if necessary.
Your system freezes intermittently while installing the OS:
Could well be a heat issue, especially with AMD processors or older Intel once. Check that the heat sink fan is spinning and that the heat sink itself is firmly amounted and parallel to the surface of the processor. Assuming you are using a stock heat sink from the manufacturer of the processor, it should be more than adequate to cool the system if properly applied.
You are having problems fully installing the OS due to errors copying files and blue screens:
Errors while copying the setup files, especially with Windows 2000 or XP, are a common indicator of problems with your (RAM). It’s possible it could also be a hard drive problem, but if you are getting blue-Screens also, especially any once indicating that a ‘page-fault’ has occurred, it’s time to pop the memory out and haul it back to the store to be tested. And don’t leave it there for the night either.
Power Supply off suddenly:
First check the CUP cooling fan whether it is tightly fitted on the CPU surface of not. Pull out the CPU fan and fit along with the heat sin properly. If the problem persists, then check your SMPS and replace it.
BIOS SETUP
Power on the computer and the system will start POST (power on self-Test) process.
When the message bellow appears on the screen. Press<DEL> Press F2 or F12 (For Different types Motherboard) key to enter SETUP.




If the message disappears before you respond and you still wish to ent3er setup restart the system by turning it OFF and On or pressing the RESET button. You may also restart the system by simultaneously pressing <Ctrl>, <Alt>, <Delete> keys.