Computer Motherboard information

 Computer Motherboard information

 

The computer Motherboard or shortly MOBO is one of the most important part of the Personal computer (PC).It is a hardware of the computer installed inside the system unit(CPU).This MOBO hardware act as the main board or the central or core assembly of the computer system unit. In other words inside of the CPU case there are a lot of other hardware's connected to the MOBO, namely: Hard Disk Drive (HDD), CD/DVD ROM, USB Card reader, FDD Drive, processor, RAM, LAN card, Wireless LAN card, USB expansion board, VGA Card, and the Power Supply Unit (PSU).These are all types of hardware's inside the system unit of the Personal Computer.
•Main circuit board of microcomputer.
•Typically , the motherboard contains the CPU ,BIOS , memory,mass storage interfaces, USB, SATA,expansion slots etc.
•CPU is main component on the motherboard of computer system.
•CPU is the brain of the computer where most calculation take place with the help of ALU and CU(ALU is also called as math co-processor)
Definition of Motherboard: A motherboard is the main circuit board inside a computer that connects the different parts of a computer together. It has sockets for the CPU, RAM and expansion cards (e.g. discrete graphics cards, sound cards, network cards, storage cards etc)... and it also hooks up to hard drives, disc drives and front panel ports with cables and wires.
obo clock upgrade is the bottom layer of music server modified,
The usb card is output stage,
So they are different.
Mobo clock will reduce errors with soft ware operating including the OS,
You will got faster operating,less CPU regarding.
In the other is more natural,smooth & analog sound quality.

Laptop requirements in order to switch on first are the availability of 3V and 5VALW. Careful when finding 5VALW missing , switched on first cause of several motherboard, 5VALW appear after switch on .Than 3V_ALW or 3VPCU provide power supply to the EC , BIOS IC , South Bridge ( SB ) , clock generator and oscylator on ALW voltage .
VSB or swuitch voltage button (3.3V) will appear after Bios and EC powered. some of laptop motherboard will found 17V switch voltage on one of pin switch button but after switch -on voltage is changed to be 3.3 V.This is normal. Press power button ( short to ground ) then 3.3VSB will turn into 0V and back to 3.3V.and if standby VSB 17V press power button VSB become 0V and back to 3.3V. than power button is a good sign .As a gamer, you don't have to buy an expensive motherboard when building a good computer for gaming. Well, this article aims to show you some good cheap motherboards which are good enough for modern gaming with the price around $200, $150, and $100.

But first, when choosing a good motherboard, these are few things you should know:

* One of the most important tips is how many budget you want to spend, a mid level motherboard for gaming are range from $100-$200 while High-end and extreme level motherboard are more expensive (they usually come with extra memory slots or multiple CPU sockets).

* In order to get the full performance of high-end graphics cards, get motherboard with PCI Express 3.0 slot, however, if budget is your concern, a PCI Express 2.0 motherboard is more than enough for you.

* If you want a motherboard with optimal performance in gaming for affordable price, get AM3+, FM1, FM2+/FM2, LGA 1150, or LGA 1155 motherboard.

* Recommended manufacturer: MSI, Gigabyte, ASUS, ASRock.

A. GIGABYTE AMD A55 Hudson D2 DDR3 1800 Micro GA-A55M-DS2

CPU Socket Type: FM1

Beside graphics card, Gygabyte also offers gamers with their quality motherboard. Note that since this is the cheapest motherboard in this article, you won't find a lot of features that you can get from mid range motherboard. However, if you are tight on budget, then you shouldn't miss it.

B. ASUS M5A97 R2.0 AMD 970

CPU Socket Type: AM3+

ASUS, without a doubt, is very popular for its quality gaming motherboard, the ASUS M5A97 is one of them. Equipped by AM3+ Socket Type, this motherboard is ready for a strong and cheap processor like AMD FX 6-Core Black Edition. Of course this is a good news for gamers who want to build a good gaming PC with low budget.

Get ASUS M5A97 R2.0 from amazon

C. ASUS P8B75-M/CSM LGA 1155 Intel B75  

CPU Socket Type: LGA 1155

ASUS P8B75-M/CSM is a good choice for you if you want to build a cheap home computer, as well as a good mid level gaming computer. This motherboard offers the GPU Boost feature which can improve the integrated GPU's power so you can get the better performance in gaming. And the best thing about this hardware is the PCIe 3.0 slot. Overall, ASUS P8B75-M/CSM is a good motherboard for the price.

Click here to buy ASUS P8B75-M/CSM from amazon

D. MSI ATX DDR3 2600 LGA 1150 Motherboards Z97-G45

CPU Socket Type: LGA 1150

MSI is not just popular because of its high quality graphics card, but also because of its motherboard. For years, MSI has been providing gamers with quality product, MSI Z97-G45 Motherboard is one of the best example.

Some features of MSI Z97-G45:

* Dragon Heat Sink

* OC GENIE 4

* MSI VGA Boost
MSI VGA Boost allows the MSI video card to get better performance in gaming.

* Sound Blaster Cinema
It helps you get great surround sound through your stereo headphones.

* Multiple graphics cards motherboard
If you are planning to use dual graphics cards, then MSI Z97-G45 is the right choice for you.

Click here to buy MSI ATX DDR3 Z97-G45 from amazon

E.Gigabyte GA-G1.Sniper A88X

CPU Socket Type: FM2+/FM2

Sniper A88X is one of the best motherboard from Gigabyte especially if you want to build AMD gaming computer. Equipped by FM2+/FM2 socket, this socket type is intended to replace the FM1 socket.

Just like we all know, most modern games demand at least quad qore processors. Well, with this kind of socket there are strong processors available like AMD APU series and Richland.

RAM - random access memory 

RAM (random access memory) is the place in a computer where the operating system, application programs, and data in current use are kept so that they can be quickly reached by the computer's procesor. RAM is much faster to read from and write to than the other kinds of storage in a computer, the hard disk, floppy disk, and CD-ROM. However, the data in RAM stays there only as long as your computer is running. When you turn the computer off, RAM loses its data. When you turn your computer on again, your operating system and other files are once again loaded into RAM, usually from you h ard disk.


RAM can be compared to a person's short-term memory and the hard disk to the long-term memory. The short-term memory focuses on work at hand, but can only keep so many facts in view at one time. If short-term memory fills up, your brain sometimes is able to refresh it from facts stored in long-term memory. A computer also works this way. If RAM fills up, the processor needs to continually go to the hard disk to overlay old data in RAM with new, slowing down the computer's operation. Unlike the hard disk which can become completely full of data so that it won't accept any more, RAM never runs out of memory. It keeps operating, but much more slowly than you may want it to.

Main Types of RAM

There are two main types of RAM:

• DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
• SRAM (Static Random Access Memory).

The two types of RAM differ in the technology they use to hold data, with DRAM being the more common type. In terms of speed, SRAM is faster. DRAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second while SRAM does not need to be refreshed, which is what makes it faster than DRAM.

Types of RAM

Over the evolution of the computer there have been different variations of RAM. Some of the more common examples are DIMM, RIMM, SIMM, SO-DIMM, and SOO-RIMM. Below is an example image of a 512MB DIMM computer memory module, a typical piece of RAM found in desktop computers. This memory module would be installed into one of the memory slots on a motherboard.

What is vertual memory?

virtual memory

Virtual memory is a feature of an operating system (OS) that allows a computer to compensate for shortages of physical memory by temporarily transferring pages of data from random access memory (RAM) to disk storage.

Virtual memory combines your computer’s RAM with temporary space on your hard disk. When RAM runs low, virtual memory moves data from RAM to a space called a paging file. Moving data to and from the paging file frees up RAM so your computer can complete its work.

The more RAM your computer has, the faster your programs will generally run. If a lack of RAM is slowing your computer, you might be tempted to increase virtual memory to compensate. However, your computer can read data from RAM much more quickly than from a hard disk, so adding RAM is a better solution.

The total amount of RAM (Random Access Memory) installed might not always be sufficient to run all the applications on the system. Windows memory management implements and manages what is called Virtual Memory. It’s the method of extending the available physical memory on a computer. PageFile is a file on disk which is used to swap physical memory pages to and from a disk. Virtual Memory comprises of total available physical memory(RAM) on the computer and size of the PageFile on disk. 

 vertual memory manager

Virtual Memory Manager is responsible for mapping physical memory and virtual address spaces for a process. It keeps track of each mapping for VAS addresses using a page table, and the mapping information itself is stored in a Page Table Entry (PTE). The PTE is 4K in size and shares the same space as other system information and structures of the system.

Already for a long time users encountered the problem of placement in the program memory, the amount exceeding the available free memory. The decision was splitting program at the part called overlay. Zero overlay began to run first. When he finished his performance, he caused another overlay. All overlays stored on the disc and shifted between memory and disk operating system tools. However, the program broken down into parts and upload their planning in the OP had to make programmer.
The development of methods of computational process in this area led to the technique known as virtual memory. Virtual called resource to users or user programs submitted owning properties, which it does not have in reality. For example, the user may be provided virtual OP, the amount of which exceeds all available in real OP. User program writes as if in its possession available homogeneous OP large amount, but in reality, all data used by a program stored on one or more different types of MY course on discs, and if necessary parts are displayed in real memory.
Virtual memory (CAP) – a combination of software and hardware that allow users to write programs whose size exceeds the available OP. For this EP solves the following problems:
– VM places the data into different types, such as part of the program in the OP, and some on disk;
– Moves as needed between CL data of various types, such as downloads of the desired program from the disc in the OP;
– Converts virtual addresses into physical.

The Fastest Desktop PC Ever

The Fastest Desktop PC Ever

 

In the words of LT Pete "Maverick" Mitchell, "I feel the need....the need for speed!" Well, at least that's what Intel is feeling as it just announced that it will be putting its absurd 72-core Knight's Landing supercomputer chip into production. However, that isn't even the most exciting part. The most exciting part is that the Knight's Landing, which is Intel's fastest chip to date, will be going into desktop workstations that will contain enough computational power to make Doc Brown's overloaded speakers look like a kids karaoke machine.

PC World recently reported that the company is planning on shipping a "limited number of workstations" that will come equipped with the super-fast supercomputer chip in the first half of 2016. As a result PC makers will have the ability to adopt Intel's supercomputer silicon in desktop models on a greater scale, according to Intel's Charles Wuischpard. I don't know about you, but I'm not sure I can handle a chip like this being in something that is sitting in my room or my office. But then again the power is very alluring.

The main question that is going to be on everyone's mind is, of course, what kind of specs we can expect from the Knight's Landing chip. This chip differs from the ones currently in your desktop in the fact that this supercomputer processor puts all of its cores onto a single piece of silicon. Then, all of these processors are bundled up with 16GB of on-package MCDRAM memory into a PCI-E add-in card. This is very similar to the ridiculous Nvidia GPUs that are currently being installed on supercomputers around the world.

Once you have all of this packed together and installed inside your computer you are left with a piece of hardware that is capable of computing single-precision calculations at a rate of 8 teraflops, or double-precision calculations at over 3 teraflops. PC World also noted that this chip will be used by the United States Department of Energy inside of its 9,300-core Cori supercomputer and, in addition to that, Intel has also claimed that 50 different manufacturers will ship systems that use this chip in time.this is a really good proceser.its better then amd procesor but this procesor is expensive more then amd prosesor but perfomance is really good high perfomance.

What Is Computer And Computer Genaration

Computer is a electronic device which is capable of receiving information (data) in a particular form and of performing a sequence of operations in accordance with a predetermined but variable set of procedural instructions (program) to produce a result in the form of information or signals.A computer is generally defined as a programmable machine. The two principal characteristics of a computer are: it responds to a specific set of instruction in a well-defined manner and it can executed a prerecorded list of instructions (a program).A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. You probably already know that you can use a computer to type documents, send email, play games, and browse the Web. You can also use it to edit or create  spreadsheets, presentations, and even videos.Throughout this tutorial, we'll show you some of the most important things you need to know about computers, including how to set up your computer, how to interact with the desktop and operating system, and what kinds of computers are available. We'll also introduce you to some basic troubleshooting strategies you can use if your computer isn't working correctly.

Generation  Description
	First Generation The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based.
	Second Generation The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based.
	Third Generation The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based.

The the late 1960s and early 70s, there was much talk about "generations" of computer technology. This photo illustrates what were commonly known as the three generations:

1. First generation: Vacuum tubes (left). Mid 1940s. IBM pioneered the arrangment of vacuum tubes in pluggable modules such as the one shown here on the left. The IBM 650 was a first-generation computer.
2. Second generation: Transistors (right). 1956. The era of miniaturization begins. Transistors are much smaller than vacuum tubes, draw less power, and generate less heat. Discrete transistors are soldered to circuit boards like the one shown, with intereconnections accomplished by stencil-screened conductive patterns on the reverse side. The IBM 7090 was a second-generation computer.
3. Third generation: Integrated circuits (foreground), silicon chips contain multiple transistors. 1964. A pioneering example is the ACPX module used in the IBM 360/91, which, by stacking layers of silicon over a ceramic substrate, accommodated over 20 transistors per chip; the chips could be packed together onto a circuit board to achieve unheard-of logic densities. The IBM 360/91 was a hybrid second- and third-generation computer.

Omitted from this taxonomy is the "zeroth" generation computer based on metal gears (such as the IBM 407) or mechanical relays (such as the Mark I), and the post-3rd generation computers based on Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits.

Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system.
There are totally five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been discussed in detail along with their time period and characteristics. Here approximate dates against each generations have been mentioned which are normally accepted.

System Shutdown Faster

System Shutdown Faster

 

 

 

When you shutdown your Windows XP computer, it may take more time to complete the shutdown process. Slow shutdowns are caused by a number of factors. One of the common causes is the Clear Page file at Shutdown option enabled.
Virtual memory support uses a system page file to swap pages of memory to disk when they are not used. On a running system, this page file is opened exclusively by the operating system, and it is well protected. However, systems that are configured to allow booting to other operating systems might have to make sure that the system page file is wiped clean when this system shuts down. This ensures that sensitive information from process memory that might go into the page file is not available to an unauthorized user who manages to directly access the page file.
When this option is enabled, it causes the system page file to be cleared upon clean shutdown. This takes considerable time of the Operating System to flush-out the page file, thus causing the slow shutdown. You may disable ClearPageFileAtShutdown option to improve shutdown times. But the pagefile.sys will be intact and accessible via other Operating System, in case or dual or multi-boot.
Some points to improve the shutdown times
Start Registry Editor and navigate to the following key:
[HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Memory Management]
Set ClearPageFileAtShutdown value to 0
Or, using Group Policy Editor [for Windows XP Professional]
Click Start, Run and type Secpol.msc
Click Local Policies | Security Options
In the right-pane, set Shutdown: Clear virtual memory pagefile to Disabled
However, this setting is not the only cause for slow shutdowns. Non-responsive programs and Services also contribute to slow shutdowns. If the problem is seen recently after installing a third-party driver or software, try a System Restore rollback to see if that resolves the slow shutdown problem.
Other checkpoints
Try a clean-boot troubleshooting. Clean-boot troubleshooting is designed to isolate a performance problem. To perform clean-boot troubleshooting, you must take a number of actions, and then restart the computer after each action (to test whether the action resolved the problem). These two articles will help you isolate the problem.
IMPROVE XP SHUTDOWN SPEED <-- I LOVE THIS TWEAK
This tweak reduces the time XP waits before automatically closing any running programs when you give it the command to shutdown.
Go to Start then select Run
Type 'Regedit' and click ok
Find 'HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Desktop\'
Select 'WaitToKillAppTimeout'
Right click and select 'Modify'
Change the value to '1000'
Click 'OK'
Now select 'HungAppTimeout'
Right click and select 'Modify'
Change the value to '1000'
Click 'OK'
Now find 'HKEY_USERS\.DEFAULT\Control Panel\Desktop'
Select 'WaitToKillAppTimeout'
Right click and select 'Modify'
Change the value to '1000'
Click 'OK'
Now find 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\Cur rentControlSet\Control\'
Select 'WaitToKillServiceTimeout'
Right click and select 'Modify'
Change the value to '1000'
Click 'OK'
OPTIMIZE DISPLAY SETTINGS
Windows XP can look sexy but displaying all the visual items can waste system resources. To optimise:
1.Go to Start
2. Click Settings
3. Click Control Panel
4. Click System
5. Click Advanced tab
6. In the Performance tab click Settings
7. Leave only the following ticked:
- Show shadows under menus
- Show shadows under mouse pointer
- Show translucent selection rectangle
- Use drop shadows for icons labels on the desktop
- Use visual styles on windows and buttons
DISABLE PREFETCH ON LOW MEMORY SYSTEMS
Prefetch is designed to speed up program launching by preloading programs into memory - not a good idea is memory is in short supply, as it can make programs hang. To disable prefetch:
1. Click ‘Start’ then ‘Run’
2. Type in ‘Regedit’ then click ‘Ok’
3. Navigate to ‘HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Cur rentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Memory Management\PrefetchParameters\ ‘
4. Right-click on “EnablePrefetcher” and set the value to ‘0′
5. Reboot.
ENSURE XP IS USING DMA MODE
XP enables DMA for Hard-Drives and CD-Roms by default on most ATA or ATAPI (IDE) devices. However, sometimes computers switch to PIO mode which is slower for data transfer - a typical reason is because of a virus. To ensure that your machine is using DMA:
1. Open ‘Device Manager’
2. Double-click ‘IDE ATA/ATAPI Controllers’
3. Right-click ‘Primary Channel’ and select ‘Properties’ and then ‘Advanced Settings’
4. In the ‘Current Transfer Mode’ drop-down box, select ‘DMA if Available’ if the current setting is ‘PIO Only’
Details of ip address and Mac and other
ipconfig/all
MAKE PROGRAMS LOAD FASTER
This little tweak tends to work for most programs. If your program doesn’t load properly just undo the change. For any program:
Right-click on the icon/shortcut you use to launch the program
Select properties
In the ‘target’ box, add ‘ /prefetch:1′ at the end of the line.
Click “Ok” Voila - your programs will now load faster.
IMPROVE SWAP FILE PERFORMANCE
If you have more than 256MB of RAM this tweak will considerably improve your performance. It basically makes sure that your PC uses every last drop of memory (faster than swap file) before it starts using the swap file.
Go to Start then Run
Type “msconfig.exe” then ok
Click on the System.ini tab
Expand the 386enh tab by clicking on the plus sign
Click on new then in the blank box type”ConservativeSwapfileUsage =1″
Click OK
Restart PC
IMPROVE BOOT TIMES
A great new feature in Microsoft Windows XP is the ability to do a boot defragment. This places all boot files next to each other on the disk to allow for faster booting. By default this option in enables but on some builds it is not so below is how to turn it on.
Go to Start Menu and Click Run
Type in “Regedit” then click ok
Find “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\M icrosoft\Dfrg\BootOpt imizeFunction”
Select “Enable” from the list on the right
Right on it and select “Modify”
Change the value to “Y to enable”
Reboot
DISABLE SYSTEM SOUNDS
surprisingly, the beeps that your computer makes for various system sounds can slow it down, particularly at startup and shut-down. To fix this turn off the system sounds:
Open Control Panel
Click Sounds and Audio Devices
Check Place volume icon in taskbar
Click Sounds Tab
Choose “No Sounds” for the Sound Scheme
Click “No”
Click “Apply”
Click “OK”
SPEED UP FOLDER ACCESS - DISABLE LAST ACCESS UPDATE
If you have a lot of folders and subdirectories on your computer, when you access directory XP wastes a lot of time updating the time stamp showing the last access time for that directory and for ALL sub directories. To stop XP doing this you need to edit the registry. If you are uncomfortable doing this then please do not attempt.

Go to Start and then Run and type “regedit”
Click through the file system until you get to “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\FileSys tem”
Right-click in a blank area of the window on the right and select ‘DWORD Value’
Create a new DWORD Value called ‘NtfsDisableLastAccessUpdate’
Then Right click on the new value and select ‘Modify’
Change the Value Data to ‘1′
Click ‘OK’
TURN OFF SYSTEM RESTORE
System Restore can be a useful if your computer is having problems, however storing all the restore points can literally take up Gigabytes of space on your hard drive. To turn off System Restore:
Open Control Panel
Click on Performance and Maintenance
Click on System
Click on the System Restore tab
Tick ‘Turn off System Restore on All Drives’
Click ‘Ok’
⦁    SPEED UP FOLDER BROWSING
you may have noticed that every time you open my computer to browse folders that there is a slight delay. This is because Windows XP automatically searches for network files and printers every time you open Windows Explorer. To fix this and to increase browsing significantly:
1. Open My Computer
2. Click on Tools menu
3. Click on Folder Options
4. Click on the View tab.
5. Uncheck the automatically search for network folders and printers check box
6. Click Apply
7. Click Ok
8. Reboot your computer

Simple Command, tricks and track of MS DOS

Simple Command, tricks and track of MS DOS (Disk Operating System) for supporting os

Command of Dos for winxp

 

 

 

Step by Step backward from Folder     cd.. Press Enter 
Step by Step Enter in Folder     cd “Folder Name”e.g Cd madan (if u have space bet2in multi text folder using inverting coma) eg cd “My Softwar”
Enter in another volume or Drive     for example C drive to D Drive D: Press Enter
To View File or Folder            Dir press Enter
To make a folder                md “Folder Name” e.g     md madan
To Delete Folder                rd  “Foler Name E.g     rd madan
Clear Screen                 Cls Press enter
Close DOS                     Exit Press enter
Open Program    Start “Application Name” eg start photoshop
To Find Ip Address any site         ping “Site” eg ping www.facebook.com press enter
FAT to NTFS system            Type for example "convert d: /fs:ntfs"
To lock Folder                 cacls “Folder Name” /p everyone:n Press Enter
                        Example cacls madan /p everyone:n  press enter
                        Choose Y then press Enter
To Unlock Folder                 Same Command change n to f for example
                        Cacls madan /p everyone:f press enter
                        Choose Y then press enter
To Copy Files                xcopy “Location” Destination eg
Xcopy d:\Madan\Video g:\virsatile\madan press enter   
To Format Drive                Format Location of drive eg Format H: press Enter
To Hack user password             net user “user name” give one space * press Enter
Eg net user madan * press enter then create ur password
To remove user password            same method twice time press Enter
    Eg net user madan * press enter twice time without create password
To Create New user account    open Dos command Type net user “user name” \Add press Enter E.g net user madan \add
To delete any user account    open Dos command Type net user “user name” \Del press enter E.g net user versatile \Del
About chkdsk
Chkdsk is a utility that checks the computer's hard drive status for any cross-linked or any additional errors with the hard drive.
Windows 2000 and Windows XP chkdsk syntax
Checks a disk and displays a status report.
CHKDSK [volume [[path] filename]]] [/F] [/V] [/R] [/X] [/I] [/C] [/L[:size]]
volume    Specifies the drive letter (followed by a colon), mount point, or volume name.
filename    FAT only: Specifies the files to check for fragmentation.
/F    Fixes errors on the disk.
/V    On FAT/FAT32: Displays the full path and name of every file on the disk.
/R    Locates bad sectors and recovers readable information (implies /F).
/L:size    NTFS only: Changes the log file size to the specified number of kilobytes. If size is not specified, displays current size.
/X    Forces the volume to dismount first if necessary. All opened handles to the volume would then be invalid (implies /F).
/I    NTFS only: Performs a less vigorous check of index entries.
/C    NTFS only: Skips checking of cycles within the folder structure.
/p    Check even if the drive is not flagged dirty, bad.
   

This is Only for Supporting OS

Registry Editor
First of all Type in Run “Regedit” n do this
⦁    (Block usb Service)HEKEY LOCAL MACHINE\System\CURRENT Control set\service\usbstore  Change 3 to 4 of “Start” of  right side
⦁    for multi Messanger HEKEY_current_user-\Software\ yahoo\paper\Test “Create a new DwordValue in the Right pane name is “Plural” n Dwordvalue is “2” then open yahoo messanger multi times as u wish that’s it n having fun guys 
⦁    (change Service package)  HEKEY LOCAL MACHINE\System\CURRENT Control set\Control\Windows N find out CSDVersion in Right panel Modify 200 to 300(for service 2 to 3) that’s it.
⦁    Hide (Turn off Run) HEKEY LOCAL MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\Current Control Set\Windows\Policies “Create a new key in Policies name is “Explorer” n create new Dwordvaue in right pane then Modify 0 to 1(Note: for hide Run Dwordvalue name is Norun and For hide Turn off Dwordvalue is Noclose)
⦁    In other hand We can hide Run, logoff and  Turn off Button using by Tewak Now Power pack Progarm  
⦁    (This trick is only for winxp changing start with ur name)- {First of all u have to  hacker file Whose name is Resource Hacker Download it from ur internet} 
⦁    I have already this hacker let’s do it open “ReHacker” File\File menu open\Local disk c:\Windows\ Explorer\String Table\Choose number “37”\”1033” look at the right Side u can see “Start” then u can change start with ur any words as u wish
⦁    Click “Compile Script” Button n save as it .EXE format from File menu with ur words where u use in replacing Start Eg.Madan.exe
⦁    Now go to Registry Editor - HEKEY LOCAL MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\ Select Winlogon look at the Right side find out “shell” n open it
Change Explorer.exe. with ur word which is in save .Exe format earlier time Eg Madan.exe at last logoff ur system one time n open it (u can see ur word in Start Button ) 

Group Policy Editor
First of all Type in Run “Gpedit.msc” n do this
⦁    (Hide drives in My Computer Which u want ) -User Configuration\Administrative Template\Windows Component\Windows Explorer look at the right side n find out “Hide these specified drives in my computer” open it choose “Enabled” n choose the drive which u want hide From Dropdown arrow of “Pick all of the following combinations” Category 
(Note: In this way u can also change Desktop and Control Panel settings from Administrative Template) 
⦁    (Increase the internet Speed)-Computer Configuration\ Administrative Template\Network\QoS Packet Scheduler look at the right side u can c “Limit reservable Bandwidth” potions  open it  choose Enabled n Decrease Bandwidth limit(%)  20 to 0 that’s it.(note: if Bandwidth(%) is 20 in case OS is automatically take 20% internet speed that’s why ur internet will be slow) ok guys thanks for learning this method

WinToFlash Step by step Guide Install Windows XP from USB Flash drive

WinToFlash Step by step Guide Install Windows XP from USB Flash drive:

 

 

 

Requirements:
-USB Flash disk/Flash drive/Pen drive/Thumb drive, etc
-Computer with CD/DVD drive to build this Windows XP setup Flash disk (or you may use computer without CD/DVD drive, but you have to copy Windows XP setup files from another computer to your hard disk)
-Computer with or without CD/DVD drive (e.g. Aspire One)
 Step1: Download WinToFlash here http://wintoflash.com/download/en/
    from the Author: This software may contain bugs (spelling too).
    So if you find any spelling error please writes a comment and correct it
    or report to support@novicorp.com
    don't forget to write your WinToFlash version.
Step2: Extract the zip file, and then double click on WinToFlash.exe
 




Step 3: Click Accept button...

Step4:
This program will transfer Windows setup from CD or DVD to flash drive Recommended to switch on Wizard mode for users have no experience of Windows setup fine tuning Windows setup transfer wizard Following basic instructions you will transfer Windows setup program to flash drive and install Windows on PC have no CD or DVD drive
Click the button to enter Wizard mode...



Step5: This program will help you to install Windows
from a flashto access other features and
advanced options switch to advanced mode
(for advanced users).
For now, we will use wizard mode instead of
advanced mode, so click Next... -
 






 step6: Specify locations of files and drive
On Windows files path click Select button
Step7: Select CD/DVD drive which contains
Windows XP CD or folder which contains
Windows XP files... then click

step8:Specify locations of files and drive
On USB drive click Select buttonStep9:
 Select "I Accepted the terms of the license
agreement" Then click Continue...











 Step10: Warning! Formatting will erase ALL DATA on target disk. To format press OK Click OK...
Step11: Please wait while WinToFlash transferring
Windows setup to flash drive


Step12: Finished...click Next then Exit
USB Flash drive ready











 On computer without CD/DVD drive (e.g. Aspire
One) you must change the first boot order to USB
Flash drive From BIOS. How to do this?
Change Boot order from BIOS:
This is just for example (Aspire 4710)
your BIOS interface may be slightly different
Step 1: Plug a Flash drive into a USB port on your
Computer/laptop
Step 2:Turn on your laptop then hit F2 rapidly
(or Del for some other machine)
then go to Boot tab > change boot order > then hit
F10 key to Save and Exit
 





Now you can boot from USB Flash drive, first select
1st, text mode setup (Boot from flash again after
Finished) then... on the first restart, select
2nd, GUI mode setup, continue setup + 1st start
 Of Windows Install Windows XP as usual...
Good luck... Enjoy Yourself
Thanks and Nice Meeting ok Bye.

Installing Windows 7

Installing Windows 7 - Step by step

Preparations 

 

 

 

Backup you may be installing Windows 7 on a machine that already has an operating system installed. In that case, you will have to consider what to do with existing data on the disk
You may want to completely wipe the existing data and start clean. Or you may want to incorporate Windows 7 into the existing setup, whether as a side-by-side installation or an upgrade. Whatever you choose, please make sure your files are safely backed up, so that you do not accidentally, irrecoverably overwrite critical data during the installation.
Installation key
Please make sure you have the Windows 7 installation key available. Without it, you will not be able to install the operating system.
Drivers for the computer hardware
There is no guarantee that Windows 7 built-in set of drivers will include your specific hardware. Therefore, please make sure you have the right drivers available before you start the installation. The drivers usually come on CD/DVDs supplied by the manufacturer with newly purchased hardware. Alternatively, you may also download them from official vendor websites.
Having the drivers available will make sure that after you have installed Windows 7, your system will perform to its fullest. If you meet the above three requirements, we are ready to go.

Boot from Windows 7 DVD
 The first step is to place your Windows 7 DVD into the DVD tray and boot the machine. Your computer needs to be configured to boot from DVD. This is done via BIOS. On most computers, the BIOS menu can be accessed by pressing either the F2 or Del keys while the machine is booting.





 Once you have completed this stage, Windows 7 will start loading. If you see the below image, you're doing well so far.








After a few moments, you will reach the installation menu. Your first step is to choose the language and the keyboard.









 You will be now taken to the Install now menu. We have already prepared for the installation, so you can click Install now and proceed.
The next step is to accept the license agreement








 After this, you will have to decide whether you want to Upgrade an existing installation or perform a Custom (advanced) installation, which is basically creating a new copy of Windows.









Partitioning
 The next step is to choose where you want to install Windows 7. This is probably the most important part of the entire installation, so you need to be very careful here and make the right choices.










We only have a 20GB unallocated space on our disk, so we have no dilemma. However, it is possible that you may have other partitions from previous installations present, or you may have created a custom partitioning setup before starting Windows 7 installation using third-party partitioning software, like GParted. We will soon this discuss in greater detail. For now, let us create our Windows 7 partitions.
Inexperienced users can simply highlight the unallocated space and click Next. The partitioning layout will be created for them. However, we want to explore additional features. To this end, we need to expand the Drive options (advanced).
You now have the option to create new partitions, format them with a desired file system, change the size of existing or newly created partition (Extend), or delete them. The Load Driver function is usually necessary if you want to create more complex setups like RAID, but this is currently beyond the scope of this tutorial.
We will create a new partition. According to official system requirements, Windows 7 needs 16GB of free space. However, you can do with less. The minimum recommended space for a partition where you want to place Windows 7 is 10350MB. Eventually, the installation itself will take approx. 7GB.
 Just for your information, here's a snippet of what would happen if you try to install Windows 7 on a partition that does not meet the minimum expected size limit:




This does not mean your installation won't succeed. It might, but why risk it?
 We will create a 14GB partition:








 Windows 7 installer will now tell you that it will have to create an additional partition for the core system files. This will be a small primary partition ahead of your newly created one







 This is what it looks like:









Important technical bits to pay attention to!
We now have a system partition and a primary partition, plus some free space. In purely technical terms, there is no such thing as a partition of the type system. There are only two types of partitions: primary and logical. The above-mentioned partition is a primary partition.
Begin installation
 If you're comfortable with your setup, highlight the created partition and click next. Windows 7 will be installed to this partition. Depending on your hardware, this can take some time. My testing shows approx. 30-40 minutes.






User settings
 Eventually, you will be asked to provide your username and a computer name. You will also have to password-protect your account. This is most advisable. You should opt for a strong password.
















Activation
The next step is to activate your Windows. Grab your key and type it here.










Updates
You will be asked to configure your updates. You can choose either setting you like. However, I recommend you configure this choice later, after Windows 7 is installed and running properly.
We will discuss this separately in the Windows 7 security tutorial. Therefore, I will choose Ask me later, but you may want to go for either the first or the second option, as you see fit.
Location
Your location will determine the firewall settings for your newly installed Windows 7. You have three choices: home, work or public network. Home and work networks are supposed to be trusted, so you should not experience any problems adding other machines to your group or sharing data with them.
However, the public network is meant to be untrusted. So if you have installed Windows 7 in, let's say, Internet cafe, then you should choose the third option.

Congratulations!
Congratulations, you have just successfully installed Windows 7
Conclusion
Installing Windows 7 is not that difficult. The installation is more streamlined and user-friendly compared to Windows XP however some of the options are more restrictive, like the partitioning, for example.
Overall, it's a simple procedure that should take you no more than an hour to complete. Of course, once the installation is done, there's the long post-install setup, where you should customize the looks of your new desktop, determine the security settings, and choose the programs you want to install and use. We will talk about getting familiarized and comfortable with using Windows 7 in the following tutorials. Our second article will deal with the most important aspect of system configuration after the installation - security.

Standard CMOS Features

Standard CMOS Features

 

 

 

Use the menu for basic system configurations, such as time, date etc.
Advanced BIOS Features
Use this menu to setup the items of special enhanced features.
Integrated Peripherals
Use this menu to specify your settings for power management.
H/W Monitor
This entry shows the status of your CPU, fan, and warning for overall system status.
PNP/PCI Configurations
This entry appears if your system supports PnP/PCI.
Power Management setup
Use this menu to specify your setting for power management.
Load Fail-Safe Defaults
Use this menu to load the default values set by the BIOS vendor for stable system performance.
Load Optimized Defaults
Use this menu to load the default values set by the mainboard manufactures specifically for optimal performance of the mainboard.
BIOS Setting Password
Use this menu to set the password for BIOS.
Save & Exit Setup
Save changes to CMOS and exit setup.
Exit Without Saving
Abandon all changes and exit setup.




The Microsoft Window popularly called MS-Window (Window) is software that makes own PC (Personal Computer) easy to use. It works with MSDOS to control over the entire operation of your computer. It helps the user to store and manage the files on his computer.
MS-Window is an operating system developed by Microsoft Corporation of USA.  MS-Window is an up-graded version.
Main features of Windows
⦁    It supports better multimedia and games.
⦁    Internet can be accessed very easily and quickly.
⦁    Peripheral devices can be added very easily.
⦁    Long filename are allowed (maximum unto 255 character including space) etc.
Types of windows (Operating System)
[Windows 98, Windows 98 Second Edition, Windows Me, Windows 2000,
Windows 2000 Advanced Server, Windows 2000 Professional, Windows XP Professional, Windows XP(Service Pack 1,2,3) Windows Vista(Beta)
DLC XP Media Center 2010, Black XP 2010, Windows7 (Ultimate, Home Premium, Professional) Windows 8, Linux Ubuntu, Umax etc.









Minimum Hardware Requirements for Windows XP
⦁    128 MB of RAM (But 256 MB Recommended)
⦁    233 MHZ Pentium/Celeron Processor
⦁    A CD ROM/DVD ROM.
⦁    VGA Monitor
⦁    2 GB or higher Hard Disk (at least 650 MB Free Space
⦁    Keyboard
⦁    Mouse
Step 1: Prepare the Boot Sequence
⦁    After finishing assembling your PC, power the system.
⦁    Press DEL (for VIA Board), F2 (for Intel Board) and Ctrl + Alt+ESC or F12 (for laptops) to enter into the Setup.
⦁    Choose Advanced Setup Tab/Folder.
⦁    Choose CD/DVD ROM for 1st Boot Device. Press ESC key and press f10     to Save and Exit
⦁    Insert the Windows XP CD into your computer and restart your     computer.
⦁    Press any key to boot from cd…… (The following screen displays at that     time).
⦁    Press any key to boot from cd……(The following screen displays at that     time).
7. Windows XP Setup begins. During this portion of setup, your mouse will not work, so you must use the keyboard. On the Welcome to Setup page, press ENTER to set up windows XP. If you want to repair your existing Windows’ XP, press R otherwise, press F3 to quit the Setupprocess.













 8. On the Windows XP Licensing Agreement page, read the licensing agreement. Press the PAGE DOWN key to scroll to the bottom of the agreement. Then press F8 to agree the licensing agreement.











9. This page enables you to select the hard disk drive on which Windows XP will be installed. Once you complete this step, all data on your hard disk drive will be removed and cannot be recovered. It is extremely important that you have a recent backup copy of your files before continuing. When you have a backup copy, Press D to Delete the selected Partition, and the press L for the delete confirmation when prompted
This deletes your existing data. To create a partition in the Unpartitioned space, C and define the space like 20000 MB ie. 20GB for the partitioned drive. If you select more than 33 GB then you cannot format the partition using the FAT file system.
 
























10. Press ENTER to Select Unpartitioned space, which appears by default; if you don’t want to partition and install the Windows “XP”
11. Press ENTER again to select Format the partition using the NTFS file system
12. Windows XP erases your hard disk drive using a process called formatting and then     copies the setup files. You can leave your computer and return in 20 to 30
 




























13. After finishing copying the setup files, computer restarts. (Press Del/F2 key to enter into the Setup and choose Hard Disk for the 1st Boot Device and CD for the 2nd Boot Device. Press ESC and F10 to save and exit from the Setup and     Press Y or Enter). If you do not do this process then computer automatically     jumps into the next Step.
Part 2: Continue the installation
14.     Windows XP restarts s and then continues with the installation process. From this point forward, you can use your mouse, eventually, the Regional and Language Options page appears. Click Next to accept the default settings. If     you are multilingual or prefer a language other than English, you can change     language settings after setup is complete.




















15. On the Personalize Your Software Page, Type your name and organization name. Some programs use this information to automatically fill in your     name     when required. Then, Click Next






















17. On the computer Name and Administrator Password page, in the Computer name box, type a name that uniquely identifies your computer in your house, such as OFFICECOMPUTER or Lab1. You cannot use space or punctuation. If you connect your computer to a network, you will use this computer name to find shared files and printer. Type a strong password that you can remember in the Administrator Password box and the retype it in the Confirm password box. If you do not want to keep Administrator password leave the box blank. Click Next.





















18. On the Date and Time settings page, set your computer’s clock. Then, Click the Time Zone down arrow; Select your time Zone, Click Next.












19.    Windows XP will spend about a minute configuring your computer. On the Networking Settings page, click next.

20.    On the Workgroup or Computer Domain page, Click Next.
Part 3: Complete the installation


 21.    Windows XP ell spends 20 or 30 minutes configuring your computer and will     automatically restart when finished. The Display Settings dialog appears, click OK







Step22. Log in, to your PC for the first time.


This tutorial is also quite relevant for Windows 8
Windows 7 is going to be released soon, on October 22nd, to be precise. It's the next big Microsoft operating system, bringing much hope after the Vista lackluster performance. While many local Windows XP users have refused to think of switching to Vista, they might be inclined to try Windows 7.
I thought this was an excellent opportunity to write a number of tutorials introducing Windows 7, starting with the installation guide. In the second article, we will focus on security. In the third article, we will talk about desktop customization. Today, I'm going to show you how to install Windows 7 on your machine.
Minimum hardware requirements for Windows 7[67]
Architecture    32-bit    64-bit
Processor    1 GHz IA-32 processor    1 GHz x86-64 processor
Memory (RAM)    1 GB    2 GB
Graphics card    DirectX 9 graphics processor with WDDM driver model 1.0
(Not absolutely necessary; only required for Aero    Graphics card
HDD free space    16 GB of free disk space    20 GB of free disk space
Optical drive    DVD-ROM drive[68] (Only to install from DVD-ROM media)   
Introduction
I have already reviewed Windows 7 Beta in great detail. You're encouraged to read the article, so you can familiarize with some of the changes that Windows 7 brings, including system requirements, memory usage, Windows XP compatibility mode, and other features.

Memory(RAM) Troubleshooting Techniques

Memory(RAM) Troubleshooting Techniques

 

 

 

Computer memory problems are generally caused by defective memory chips, wrongly installed memory chips and wrong configuration of memory chips. You will also find that when you have installed some new software on your computer system, your memory may give some problems.

Following are some memory failure scenarios and respective solutions
⦁    Computer Fails To Boot: Many times your computer memory chips get loosened so you have to make sure that memory modules are completely installed. Also check your RAM chips when you have installed them for the first time.
⦁    Computer Boots Up With a Blank Screen: You may have loose memory chips and you may be using some different type of memory which isn’t compatible with your system. You need to check you VGA card as well if you see this type of problem.
⦁    Computer hangs and reboot: This type of problem is generally caused by faulty RAM, faulty PSU or overheating. Reseat RAM and rotate RAM to different slots. Make sure you removed any old video drives from your system before adding new one.
⦁    3 Short Beeps: This certainly means some RAM issue like bad dim slots on the motherboard or faulty RAM chips. Try replacing them with new RAM.
⦁    All Memory not recognized: On some boards like MSI, Gigabyte, and ASUS users get some problem where memory is not recognized properly. You need to get support by your vendor to get it rectified. For other systems you might have used wrong memory type or your slots are faulty.
Computer Troubleshooting: Power Supply, Motherboard, Case
This computer troubleshooting blog can help you troubleshoot and repair dead computers. When I mean “dead” I mean no signs of life at all. Where do you begin? The average user doesn’t know the internal workings of their computer–and they shouldn’t have to. So when things go wrong, they do not know where to begin to diagnose and either fix the problem or make arrangements to have the problem corrected. The following steps will help give you some general knowledge of what could be wrong with your PC and give you some ideas on how to fix it or provide you with enough knowledge to prevent you from getting ripped off at the computer repair shop.

For starters, if the computer is still under warranty, do not open the case. This will void your warranty. HP, Dell and any other major manufacturer will respond quickly to your problems and arrange for you to send the computer in, or they might opt to send a technician out to work on the computer. If you bought the PC at a shop around the corner, send emails and begin a paper trail on the issue.

A completely dead computer will usually have a bad motherboard, bad power supply, or a faulty case. The following steps will help you troubleshoot a computer and find which device is causing the problem. One of the first things you’ll want to do is unplug the computer and take it to a table where you can lay it flat. Open the case and check the connections to see if you notice anything blatantly wrong, then proceed with the steps below.

Troubleshooting A Computer Power Supply
Power supplies can fail without warning. They can partially fail. This means you might be getting power to the motherboard, the fans and other components, but you do not have the correct voltages to start the motherboard. The power supply is located at the back of the case, and is where the power cable plugs into the PC.

1. Your first step should be to plug the computer directly into the wall and bypass any power strips. You should also confirm the outlet is working properly.

2. Make sure the red voltage regulator switch on the back is set to 115 if you reside in the United States, people in some countries will need to set theirs to 230. With the power off and unplugged, try toggling the switch to 230, then back to 115 to make sure it is seated in the right position.
3. Next, buy a power supply tester. Computer techs will use a multimeter to test for proper voltages. Normal users can just buy a power supply tester.
4. If your power supply is bad, buy one of equal or greater power. If your current power supply is 350WT, be sure to get one that’s 350WT or higher.




A power supply will tend to fail before anything else. They take the most abuse after all. They are the front line when a power surge or brown out occurs. The good news is, they are extremely easy to replace should you find this is the problem.

Troubleshooting A Computer Case
While a dead PC wills either normally be a bad power supply or bad motherboard, the next easiest thing to troubleshoot is the case. How can a case go bad? A case has minimal smarts, but it does have wires leading from the power button to the motherboard that can go bad, and some even have advanced I/O panels that can fail.

1. You can try bypassing the case switch. This means you are initiating the power-on sequence without using the button on the front of the case. For this, you will need a good set of eyes and a small, flat-head screw driver.
2. The idea is to find the wire leading from the power button to the motherboard that’s marked something like POWER SW or POWER ON. It will cover two pins on the motherboard. Carefully, with the computer plugged in, touch the tip of the flat head screwdriver to both of those pins at the same time, thus “shorting” them. You will not get shocked by doing this, but you need to be careful not to scratch the motherboard.

If you hit the power button and nothing happened:
Is the power cord plugged in? Is it plugged in the other end too? Check the switch at the back of the case. Make sure that you connected the wire from the case power button to the right connector on the motherboard. Make sure the power connector to the motherboard is in correctly.
If none of this makes a difference, next step is to unplug everything from the motherboard with the exception of the power cable, power button wire, video card, memory and processor. If it still will not power up, it’s likely that you have one or more defective components. The most likely culprits are the motherboard or the case power supply.

System turns on, beeps intermittently, does not boot up:
Check that your memory (RAM) chip is installed correctly. Remove it and re-install it if necessary.
Your system freezes intermittently while installing the OS:
Could well be a heat issue, especially with AMD processors or older Intel once. Check that the heat sink fan is spinning and that the heat sink itself is firmly amounted and parallel to the surface of the processor. Assuming you are using a stock heat sink from the manufacturer of the processor, it should be more than adequate to cool the system if properly applied.
You are having problems fully installing the OS due to errors copying files and blue screens:
Errors while copying the setup files, especially with Windows 2000 or XP, are a common indicator of problems with your (RAM). It’s possible it could also be a hard drive problem, but if you are getting blue-Screens also, especially any once indicating that a ‘page-fault’ has occurred, it’s time to pop the memory out and haul it back to the store to be tested. And don’t leave it there for the night either.
Power Supply off suddenly:
First check the CUP cooling fan whether it is tightly fitted on the CPU surface of not. Pull out the CPU fan and fit along with the heat sin properly. If the problem persists, then check your SMPS and replace it.
BIOS SETUP
Power on the computer and the system will start POST (power on self-Test) process.
When the message bellow appears on the screen. Press<DEL> Press F2 or F12 (For Different types Motherboard) key to enter SETUP.




If the message disappears before you respond and you still wish to ent3er setup restart the system by turning it OFF and On or pressing the RESET button. You may also restart the system by simultaneously pressing <Ctrl>, <Alt>, <Delete> keys.

Troubleshooting Hard Disk Drives - Desktops

Troubleshooting Hard Disk Drives - Desktops

 

 

 

Booting problems are frequently mistaken for problems with the hard drive. Please refer to Troubleshooting booting issues. Whenever possible, known good parts should be used to replace any suspected bad parts before ordering replacements. For example, swap a suspect hard drive with another drive from a similar system that works correctly. If the problem follows the drive, try completely reloading the operating system on the suspect drive. The operating system install program will typically not complete on a defective drive. If the installation completes and the computer now boots to the operating system desktop, the previously installed operating system was corrupt. If the problem stays with the original computer, suspect the cable or system board. Swap cables next to eliminate them.
Many symptoms such as lockups, hangs, slow performance, rebooting, error messages, etc. are caused by the installation of software that was not preloaded or by viruses, but are incorrectly attributed to the hard drive. Before replacing a hard drive for these symptoms, check the drive using the latest virus definitions. Removal of some viruses may require specific steps using special software to successfully and completely remove the virus. Also, pay careful attention to computer performance after non-preloaded software is installed to identify when offending software is reloaded. Some software can cause significant undesirable results when installed with other software.
Data backup is an important part of any computer security program. Some of the procedures below may result in complete data loss. Make sure all important data has been backed up before continuing.
Operating system considerations
It is important to not confuse operating system limitations with hard drive problems. Different versions of Microsoft operating systems have limitations as to the size of hard drive they may be fully compatible with. For example, Windows XP without any service packs is limited to hard drives of 137GB or less unless registry changes are made. For more information, please refer to document number 303013 at the Microsoft Knowledge Base at
To troubleshoot IDE hard drive issues, follow these steps and test your hard drive after performing each one:

Select the topic you need help with while troubleshooting hard drives.
     IDE hard drive is not recognized by the system BIOS
     Noisy drives
     Other hard drive problems
     Bad sectors
     Hard drive tools
     How To Install and Troubleshoot Serial ATA (SATA) Hard Drives
Note: Before performing any of the steps described below, please review and observe the personal safety and electrostatic discharge (ESD) precautions in Safety information to be familiar with before servicing a Net Vista or Think Centre computer.

IDE hard drive is not recognized by the system BIOS
If the drive is not recognized by the system in the System Summary section of the System Configuration Utility (the BIOS), use a process of elimination to determine whether hardware configuration, the drive, the data cable or the system board is at fault.
⦁    Disconnect all other IDE devices on the primary controller and reconfigure the hard drive to be the master drive on the primary controller if necessary.
⦁    When checking the drive for proper jumper configuration, there are 3 settings to consider: Master, Slave and Cable Select.
⦁    Some drives are configured using the simple Master drive or Slave drive jumpering scheme.
⦁    Some drives can be jumpered as a single Master drive with no slave drive, as a Master drive with Slave drive, or as a Slave drive. If a new drive has been added as a Slave drive, the Master drive may need to be reconfigured as the Master drive with Slave. Refer to the drive owner’s manual.
⦁    Cable Select is an alternate jumpering scheme used on newer systems. All devices on the channel must be capable of supporting Cable Select. All devices on the channel must be jumpered Cable Select.
⦁    Remove, examine and reseat the drive data cable and power connections to the hard drive and the system board.
⦁    Cables should be carefully pulled near the connector when disconnecting from the hard drive or the system board to reduce the possibility of damage to the cable.
⦁    Check for bent or broken pins on the system board IDE controller and the hard drive
⦁    Check the cable is correct for the drive:
⦁    ATA-66, ATA-100 or ATA-133 - 80 conductor, 40 pins
⦁    Connect the blue connector to the system board.
⦁    Connect the black end connector to the Master drive.
⦁    Connect the gray middle connector to the Slave drive.
⦁    Check for cut cable conductors. Make sure that cables do not interfere with drive trays when they are closed. Swap with another cable if possible.
⦁    Check for proper pin 1 to pin 1 connection orientation. It may be possible to incorrectly flip cable connectors.
⦁    Check the power connector to the hard drive is making a good connection to the drive. Swap with another connector if possible.
⦁    If the other system board controller is known to be good, move the drive and cable assembly to that controller and check the BIOS for drive recognition.
⦁    If the drive uses sound and vibration insulators, use a screwdriver or install a jumper wire between the drive and chassis to ensure the drive is fully grounded.
⦁    Remove any unnecessary adapters from the system board slots.
⦁    Check if the drive is recognized by the BIOS in another working computer. If not, the drive is defective.
⦁    Check if another drive is recognized by the BIOS in the original computer. If it is, the original drive is defective.
⦁    In the case of troubleshooting a replacement or new option drive, check if a firmware update is available for the drive.
⦁    If these steps have not solved your problem refer to ⦁    "Need more help?"
     Back to top

Noisy drives
⦁    A hard drive making a grinding or continuous clicking noise can usually be considered defective for replacement purposes. Verify the hard drive is the source of the noise by removing the cover of the system and identifying the hard drive as the source of the noise.
⦁    Some drives are inherently noisier than others by design.
⦁    Occasionally the mounting method may cause a higher than expected noise level. Such drives should not be replaced unless diagnostic testing reveals a failure.
⦁    Manufacturer provided applications may report an "imminent failure" message during operation. Such drives can be replaced as defective.
⦁    Additional testing of confirmed noisy drives with PC Doctor is not necessary.
⦁    If these steps have not solved your problem refer to ⦁    "Need more help?"
     Back to top

Other hard drive problems, hard drive boot error, 1962 POST error, I999030X error code, non-system disk error
⦁    Remove any media from the diskette drive and CD-ROM drive.
⦁    Verify that the drive is properly recognized and correctly placed in the System Configuration Utility (BIOS).
⦁    Power on the system, press F1 to enter the ⦁    System Configuration Utility
⦁    From the Main Menu, select Devices, press Enter, select IDE Drives Setup and press Enter. The hard drive should be listed with the correct maximum hard drive space available indicated.
⦁    Press Esc until the main menu is on the screen.
⦁    Verify that the drive is shown in the System Configuration Utility Startup Sequence.
⦁    From the ⦁    System Configuration Utility Main Menu, select Startup Sequence and press Enter
⦁    The hard drive should appear on the screen as the second or third startup device depending on the startup configuration. Typically, the sequence should be either CD-ROM, then Diskette drive, then hard drive or Diskette drive then hard drive. The hard drive should usually be the last device in the startup sequence. This permits booting to rescue diskettes or other similar media.
⦁    Press Esc to return to the Main Menu and then select Save and exit to restart the system.
⦁    Run diagnostics using the latest version of ⦁    Lenovo Hard Drive Quick Test and investigate any resulting error messages.
⦁   
⦁    Please check the compatible system listing to confirm the diagnostic will work on the particular machine. If the machine is not listed, go to the next step.
⦁    The Utility requires access to Windows. If Windows cannot be accessed, a ⦁    DOS Diagnostic image may be used.
⦁    Ensure that the drive is properly jumpered. (⦁    Master, Slave or Cable Select).
⦁    Verify the drive partition information is correct and that the drive is active using ⦁    FDISK (Windows 9x, Me systems) or ⦁    Disk management (Windows 2000 and XP).
⦁    Remove and examine the drive data cable and power connections to the hard drive and the system board.
⦁    Check for bent or broken pins on the system board IDE controller and the hard drive
⦁    Check the cable is correct for the drive:
⦁    ATA-66, ATA-100 or ATA-133 - 80 conductor, 40 pins
⦁    Connect the blue connector to the system board.
⦁    Connect the black end connector to the Master drive.
⦁    Connect the gray middle connector to the Slave drive.
⦁    Check for cut cable conductors. Make sure that cables do not interfere with drive trays when they are closed.
⦁    Check for proper pin 1 to pin 1 connection orientation. It may be possible to incorrectly flip cable connectors.
⦁    Check the power connector to the hard drive is making a good connection to the drive. Swap with another connector if possible.
⦁    If the drive uses sound and vibration insulators, use a screwdriver or jumper wire between the drive and chassis to ensure that the drive is fully grounded.
⦁    Disconnect all other IDE devices on both channels and correct the Master/Slave jumpers if needed.
⦁    Run ⦁    fdisk /mbr (Windows 9x or Me systems only). Please refer to Knowledge Base article 255967 at ⦁    http://support.microsoft.com
for detailed information on how to use ⦁    fdisk and ⦁    fdisk /mbr.
⦁    Remove the drive from the chassis and operate outside the chassis to eliminate possible heat and electrical shorting problems.
⦁    Remove any adapters not needed for minimum system operation.
⦁    Check to see if the drive will work on another computer. If not, the drive is defective.
⦁    Check to see if another drive will work on this computer. If it does, the original drive is defective.
⦁    Check to see if a firmware update is available for the drive.
⦁    Reload the operating system using the available recovery media. This should include formatting the hard drive.
⦁    Reloading the operating system will result in the loss of all existing data on the hard drive.
⦁    If these steps have not solved your problem refer to ⦁    "Need more help?"
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Using FDISK (Windows 9x)
⦁    Use a startup diskette to boot the computer to an A: prompt. Refer to detailed information on how to create and use a startup diskette.
⦁    Type ⦁    fdisk at the A:\ prompt and press Enter.
⦁    Using the up and down arrows select option 4 and press Enter.
⦁    If there are no partitions on the hard drive, you will need to create a Primary Dos partition.
⦁    Verify the correct partitions are present and ensure the primary DOS partition is set as the Active partition.
⦁    Verify the file system is FAT16 or FAT32. If the file is unknown, the hard drive must be reformatted.
⦁    If these steps have not solved your problem refer to ⦁    "Need more help?"
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Restoring the Master Boot Record (MBR) and system files (Windows 9x) with FDISK /MBR
Note: Do not perform this procedure if there is any possibility the current failure may be due to a virus.
⦁    Start the system using the Recovery CD supplied with the system to get an A:\ prompt.
⦁    Type fdisk/mbr and press Enter.
⦁    Type sys C: and press Enter.
⦁    Remove the Recovery CD and restart the system. If the system starts up in DOS, the hard drive is OK but Windows system files may be corrupted.
⦁    If these steps have not solved your problem refer to ⦁    "Need more help?"
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Bad sectors
Microsoft Windows may run a chkdsk program on boot up if the system was not shut down properly or if it detects a hard drive error on boot up. When the chkdsk program is finished, a list of information will show up on the screen showing various information about how much space is used and available. There may also be another message stating "x number of Sectors on the HDD are Bad" where x is the number of bad sectors that were found. This may be caused by a corrupted file or the hard drive may be bad. The system will attempt to correct the problem. It is recommended that Lenovo Diagnostics Software (Lenovo Hard Drive Quick Test) be run to determine if there is a problem with the hard drive, especially if there are a number of these errors showing up or if these messages are happening frequently and the system is being shut down properly.
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Hard drive tools
Lenovo Hard Drive Quick Test
This Test can be downloaded and used within Windows to quickly determine if a Hard Drive needs replacing.
Disk Management (Windows 2000 and XP)
Used to view, change, create, or delete partitions on a hard drive
⦁    Right click My Computer then click Manage.
⦁    Select Disk Management from the Computer Management list and verify the partitions are correct. Please refer to Knowledge Base article 313348 at
for detailed information on how to use the Disk Management tool.
If these steps have not solved your problem refer to ⦁    "Need more help?"
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How To Install and Troubleshoot Serial ATA (SATA) Hard Drives
Serial ATA interface disk drives are designed for easy installation. It is not necessary to set any jumpers, terminators, or other settings on this drive for proper operation. The jumper block adjacent to the SATA interface connector on SATA drives is for factory use only.

With a Serial ATA interface, each disk drive has its own cable that connects directly to a Serial ATA host adapter or a Serial ATA port on your motherboard. Unlike Parallel ATA, there is no master-slave relationship between drives that use a Serial ATA interface.
You can use a Serial ATA drive in the same system with Parallel ATA drives as long as both interfaces are supported on the motherboard or with a host adapter. This makes it easy to add Serial ATA compatibility to your existing system without removing existing Parallel ATA disk drives.
Installing an Operating System
What you need:
⦁    A Serial ATA interface cable.
⦁    A Serial ATA-compatible power cable or adapter.
⦁    A version of Windows with FAT32 or NTFS files system.
⦁    A system with a motherboard that has a Serial ATA connector on it, or a Serial ATA host adapter and available PCI slot in which to install the adapter.
Refer to your computer system documentation to locate the Serial ATA on the motherboard and to locate the Serial ATA connector.
Handling Precautions
⦁    Disk drives are fragile. Do not drop or jar the drive. Handle the drive only by the edges or frame. Keep the drive in the protective anti-static container until you are ready to install it to minimize handling damage.
⦁    Drive electronics are extremely sensitive to static electricity. While installing the drive, wear a wrist strap and cable connected to ground.
⦁    Turn off the power to the host system during installation.
⦁    Do not disassemble the drive. Doing so voids the warranty.
⦁    Do not apply pressure or attach labels to the circuit board or to the top of the drive.
Attaching Cables and Mounting the Drive
⦁    Attach one end of the drive interface cable to the Serial ATA interface connector on your computer's motherboard see the User Guide or Hardware Maintenance manual for connector locations.
Note: Serial ATA connectors are keyed to ensure correct orientation.

⦁    Attach the interface and power cables to the drive.
⦁    Secure the drive In Accordance with the User’s Guide or Hardware Maintenance Manual.
⦁    Close your computer case and restart your computer. Your computer may automatically detect your new drive. If your computer does not automatically detect your new drive, follow the steps below.
⦁    Restart your computer. While the computer restarts, run the system BIOS setup utility. This is usually done by pressing the F1 key during the startup process.
⦁    Within the BIOS setup utility, check the system summary to see if the SATA HDD is detected.
⦁    Using the F10 key save settings and exit the setup program. When your computer restarts, it should recognize your new drive.

TROUBLESHOOTING PC ASSEMBLING

TROUBLESHOOTING (PC ASSEMBLING)

 

 

 

 

The Troubleshooting section here is not intended as a comprehensive guide to troubleshooting computer systems, but rather as a quick checklist to point you in the right direction.
Troubleshooting Tips for a New Motherboard
The following advice is based on many years of experience. They are provided as a free service to our customers and visitors. However, Directron.com is not responsible for any damage as a result of following any of these advises. You are welcome to distribute these tips free to your friends and associates as long as it's not for commercial purposes.
Choose Motherboard | Motherboard Installation Guide

More than 70% of all computer problems are related to cabling and connections. Ensure all cables are connected and connected firmly. IDE and floppy ribbon cables and power cables can often go loose. Ensure microprocessor, memory modules, and adapters such as video card are inserted correctly and didn't "pop-up" due to vibration.

System has no power at all. Power light does not illuminate, fan inside the power supply does not turn on, and indicator light on keyboard does not turn on.
PROBABLE CAUSE    DIAGNOSIS    SOLUTION
Power cable is unplugged.    Visually inspect power cable.    Make sure power cable is securely plugged in.
Defective power cable.    Visual inspection, try another cable.    Replace cable.
Power supply failure.    Power cable and wall socket are OK, but system is still dead.    Contact technical support
Faulty wall outlet; circuit breaker or fuse blown.    Plug device into socket know to work and test.    Use different socket, repair outlet, reset circuit breaker or replace fuse.

System inoperative. Keyboard lights are on, power indicator lights are lit, and hard drive is spinning.
PROBABLE CAUSE    DIAGNOSIS    SOLUTION
Expansion card is partially dislodged from expansion slot on the motherboard.    Turn off computer. Take cover off system unit.
Check all expansion cards to ensure they are securely seated in slots.    Using even pressure on both ends of the expansion card, press down firmly on expansion card.
Defective floppy disk drive or tape drive.    Turn system off.
Disconnect the cables from one of the floppy drives. Turn on the system, check to see if the keyboard operates normally. Repeat until you have located defective unit.    Contact Technical Support.
Defective expansion card.    Turn computer off.
Remove an expansion card.    Make sure expansion card is secure in expansion socket.

computer component infromation

 

 

 computer component infromation

Two Types of Hard Drive

 IDE Connector Hard Disk

 SATA Connector Hard Disk

 

 

 computer component infromation

⦁    Installing the Motherboard
Installing the motherboard in your Computer Case usually is pretty easy. Basically you just line up the board with the mounting holes and rear-Pane openings, and the screw it in.
Before actually installing the motherboard, read the motherboard manual to make sure absolutely sure that it is compatible with the processor and RAM that you will be using and the jumper settings, if any, are correct. Most modern motherboard has a “Jumper-Free option that can be selected (Usually by setting a jumper, amusingly enough).       
Method
⦁    Installing the Standoffs pins
⦁    Installing the main board
⦁    Attach the Power Connectors
 Floppy Disk Drive Connector: FDD1
This connector supports 360KB, 1.2MB, and 1.44MB
or 2.8MB Floppy Disk Drive


IDE Connector IDE1 (PATA)
This Connector Supports IDE hard disk drive, Optical disk drives and other IDE devices





Serial ATA Connector: SATA1
This connector is a high-speed Serial ATA interface port.
Each connector can connect to one Serial ATA DEVICE.

AGP Express slot
The AGP slot supports the AGP
Interface expansion Card.

PCI Express Slot
 The PCI slot supports LAN card, SCSI card USB card and other add-on cards that comply with PCI specifications.
Martials of Motherboard














 Back Panel Of Motherboard
1) Ps/2 Mouse and Keyboard
⦁    Green Port- Mouse
⦁    Blue Port- Keyboard
2) Parallel port
3) Serial Port   
4) VGA    Port   
5) USB    Port   
6) LAN RJ45   
7) Audio Port   
Mouse/Keyboard
The standard PS/2 mouse/keyboard Din connector is for a PS/2 mouse/keyboard
Parallel port
 A parallel port is a standard printer ports the supports Enhanced Parallel Port (EPP) and Extended Capabilities Parallel Port (ECP) mode.
Serial Port
The serial port is a 16550 high speed communications port that sends/receives bytes FIFOs. You can attach a serial mouse or other serial devices directly to connector.
VGA Port
The DB15-pin female connector is provided for monitor.
USB Port
The USB (Universal Serial Bus) port is for attaching USB devices such as keyboard mouse, or other USB-compatible devices.
LAN Port
The standard RJ-45 LAN jack is for connection to the Local Area Network (LAN). You can connect network cable to it.
Audio Ports
These audio connectors are used for audio devices. You can differentiate the color of the audio jacks for different audio sound effects.
⦁    Installing Auxiliary Drives
  There are several different types of auxiliary drives available for your homebuilt computer, such as Floppy drive, CD-ROM Drives DVD R/W, ZIP Drives and tape drives. The installation procedures for this entire device are quite similar. You can decided which one connect
Two Type of DVD ROM
⦁    SATA Connector 
⦁    IDE Connector




⦁    Power Supply Connection (SMPS)
There are two main kinds of motherboards and cabinets available today with reference to power supply AT and ATX. The have different connectors. They are shown below. These wires come from the SMPS of the cabinet. The figure on the right shows the Power cables coming out of the SMPS.
Different Types on Power Supply Connectors










































⦁    Power Connections or Panel Connections
    Identify the type of power supply and affix the cables that are provided to the necessary places on the motherboard. The cables and the place to fix them are given. Be careful to fix the cables properly and not damaging the pins or the motherboard in the process. The AT Cables must be connected in such a way that the black cables of both plugs
ATX 24-Pin Power Connector: JPWR1
This connector allows you to connect an ATX 24-Pin power supply. To Connected ATX 24-Pin power Supply, make sure the plug of the power supply is inserted in the proper orientation and the pins are aligned. Then push down the power supply firmly into the connector.

 ATX 4-Pin Power Connector: JPWR2
This 4-Pin power connector is used to provide power to the CPU



Fan Power Connectors: CPUFAN1, SYSFAN1, SYSFAN2
 The fan power connectors support system cooling fan with +12 when connecting the wire to the connectors, always note that the red wire is the positive and should be connected to the +12V; the black wire is Ground and should be connected to GND .if the mainboard has a system Hardware Monitor chipset onboard, you must use a specially designed fan with speed sensor to take advantage of the CPU fan control.



S/PDIF-Out Connector: JSP1
  This connector is used to connect S/PDIF (Sony & Philips Digital interconnect Format) interface for digital audio Transmission.


Front Panel Connectors: JFP1, JFP2
  These connectors are for electrical connection to the front panel switches and LEDs. The JFP1 is compliant with Intel Front Panel I/O
Connectivity Design Guide.







Front Panel Audio Connector: JAUD1
This connector allows you to connect the front panel audio and is compliant with Intel Front Panel I/O Connectivity Design Guide.
 







 









Front USB Connector: JUSB1, JUSB2
This connector, compliant with Intel I/O Connectivity Design Guide, is Ideal for connection high-speed USB Interface peripherals such as USB HDD, digital cameras MP3 players, printers, modems and the like.
 






Clear CMOS Jumper: JBAT1
There is a CMOS RAM onboard that has a power supply from an external battery to keep the data of system configuration. With the CMOS RAM, the system can automatically boot OS every time it is turned on. If you want to clear the system Configuration, set the jumper to clear data.